Anthems of Kyrgyzstan and Türkiye, Introductory Barcovision

Chair's Speech Representing Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University

Chair's Speech Representing Atatürk University

Address by Ahmet Hacımüftüoğlu, Rector of Atatürk University

Address by Almaz Ibrayev, Vice Rector of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University

Address by Alpaslan Ceylan, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University

Catalysts are fundamental to a wide range of industrial processes—spanning fuel synthesis, polymer production, and pharmaceutical manufacturing—where they facilitate chemical reactions under milder conditions, lower energy requirements, and enhance selectivity by reducing the formation of undesired byproducts. For two decades, transition metal nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as powerful catalysts due to their high surface-to-volume ratios and the enhanced reactivity of their surface atoms compared to bulk metals. These unique features have led to the rapid development of "nanocatalysis," offering superior performance over conventional homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Of particular interest are bimetallic NPs—structured as alloys or core–shells—which often demonstrate improved catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability through synergistic interactions between constituent metals. This is especially advantageous when combining noble and non-noble metals to reduce costs without compromising efficiency.
On the other hand, to align with the principles of green chemistry, integrating photocatalysts capable of harnessing a broad range of the solar spectrum into chemical processes presents a compelling strategy for achieving more sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective transformations. While semiconductor materials have long been explored as photocatalysts for diverse chemical reactions, their practical application remains limited. This is primarily due to challenges such as suboptimal band edge alignment with target reactions and rapid recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, both of which significantly hinder their photocatalytic performance.
In this presentation, I will discuss the synthesis and characterization of monodisperse monometallic and bimetallic NPs including alloys, and core@shell structures. These nanoparticles were supported on either high-surface-area carbon materials or two-dimensional platforms such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN), with the rationale for support selection highlighted. I will also present the rational design of g-CN and other 2D semicondcutors-based photocatalysts for various chemical transformations. The catalytic performance of these nanomaterials will be demonstrated across a range of applications, including hydrogen generation from chemical hydrogen storage materials (water, ammonia borane and formic acid), transfer hydrogenation reactions for the synthesis of important organic molecules under mild conditions, C–H bond functionalization, and electrochemical processes such as CO₂ reduction. Finally, I will share insights my experience with commercializing a rGO-Ni₃₀Pd₇₀ nanocatalyst and Bismuthene as photocatalysts for practical chemical transformations.

Bean milk is a nutritious product that offers several benefits. It is rich in protein, which supports tissue building, repair, and immune system health. Additionally, it contains a high amount of fiber, aiding digestion and helping to regulate blood sugar levels. Bean milk is also a good source of vitamins and minerals and is lower in fat and calories compared to cow's milk. This research compares the properties of milk produced from different varieties of beans. The process of making bean milk involves several key steps: sorting and cleaning the beans, soaking them, germinating in the dark, peeling, mixing with water at a 1:20 ratio, grinding in a blender, and cooking while stirring constantly for 25 minutes. The study analyzed various parameters of the milk samples, including dry matter content, ash content, color properties before and after cooking, amino acid composition, and pH and titratable acidity values before and after coagulation. The six bean varieties examined—Korolevskiy, Lopatka, Pestryy, Skorospelka, Tomatnaya, and Yubka—are all suitable for producing plant-based milk. Notably, the amino acid methionine was not detected in the milk from the Lopatka and Pestryy varieties, while cysteine was absent in the milk from the Pestryy variety. Among the bean varieties, the highest total amino acid content was found in the milk from Skorospelka, which had a value of 1.75 g/100 g. In contrast, the lowest values (1.54 g/100 g) were observed in the milk from the Pestryy and Yubka varieties. The results of this research indicate that these bean varieties are also appropriate for the production of fermented milk products. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of different bean varieties for producing nutritious plant-based milk alternatives.

The growing interest in the high nutritional value of edible insects has led to the exploration of their potential in the food industry for creating nutrient-rich products. This study investigated the possibility of using cricket (Acheta domesticus) powder as a substitute for wheat flour in bread production. The chemical composition, color properties, physico-chemical properties, techno-functional properties, and amino acid composition of the cricket powder were analyzed. Cricket powder was characterised by a high protein content 60.79 Bread formulations were developed by replacing wheat flour with cricket powder at 10%, 20%, and 30% levels, and the quality characteristics of these formulations were evaluated. The increasing incorporation of cricket powder in bread recipes has led to higher protein content in the final products, with control bread containing 9.35% protein. In comparison, bread with added cricket powder has protein levels of 11.93% for 10% cricket powder, 18.12% for 20%, and 14.40% for 30% cricket powder. This trend reflects a broader movement towards enhancing nutritional value in baked goods while simultaneously contributing to improved visual appeal resulting in a richer coloration of the bread. Additionally, the amino acid composition of bread enriched with cricket powder was analyzed and compared to a control bread. The control bread contained 8.43 g/100g total amino acids. In contrast, the bread with 10% cricket powder had 9.80 g/100g total amino acids, the bread with 20% cricket powder had 11.91 g/100g total amino acids, and the bread with 30% cricket powder reached 15.34 g/100g total amino acids. Considering the results obtained, it can be concluded that cricket powder is suitable for the production of enriched bread.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is often cultivated in regions with warm, dry summers and cold winters. Various compounds determine the quality of fruit. Apricot fruit is considered a natural source of fibre, potassium, and phytochemicals such as polyphenols, β-carotene and ascorbic acid, contributing to its antioxidant activity. Polyphenolic compounds are among nature's most abundant antioxidants and are an essential source of health benefits. Polyphenolic compounds play a crucial role in the organoleptic qualities of fruits, influencing factors such as astringency, bitter taste, and colour in various foods. This group encompasses flavan-3-ols, flavonols, and anthocyanins. This study aims to determine and compare the phenolic compounds of dried apricots obtained from supermarkets in Kyrgyzstan (KG) and Lithuania (LT). Dried apricots are usually imported to Lithuania from Türkiye, Iran, and Uzbekistan. In dried apricot fruits from KG total polyphenol content in genotype Suhany was from 2.71 to 3.93 mg GAE/g DW, and the total polyphenol concentration in dried apricot samples from Lithuania ranged from 2.62 to 3.19 mg /g DW. Thus, this study shows that in the total polyphenol contents of both groups of samples were not statistical difference. These results are consistent with those obtained in Średnicka-Tober et al. (2020). It was found that conventional dried apricot samples had a mean total polyphenolic content of 2.19 - 2.96 mg/ g. According to Karatas (2022), the total phenolic content in fresh fruits of wild apricot genotypes ranged from 0.68 to 0.81 mg GAE/g fresh weight.

Camelina (Camelina sativa L.), an ancient oilseed crop, is gaining renewed attention worldwide due to its adaptability, low input requirements, and multiple economic and environmental benefits. This review paper explores the potential of camelina as a novel and versatile crop for Kyrgyzstan, a country with a predominantly agrarian economy facing challenges such as climate change, soil degradation, and the need for crop diversification. Camelina’s resilience to harsh growing conditions, including drought and poor soil fertility, makes it an ideal candidate for cultivation in Kyrgyzstan’s diverse agro-climatic zones. Its short growing season and compatibility with crop rotation systems further enhance its suitability for integration into existing agricultural practices. Camelina presents notable economic and environmental benefits, particularly for smallholder farmers. Its seeds, rich in oil (30–40%), protein, and omega-3 fatty acids, hold significant value for food, feed, and biofuel production. The oil’s high oxidative stability supports local food industries, while its byproducts, such as camelina meal, provide a high-protein feed alternative. Additionally, camelina’s potential as a biofuel feedstock aligns with global renewable energy trends, offering Kyrgyzstan an opportunity to reduce fossil fuel dependence and boost rural incomes. Environmentally, camelina requires minimal fertilizer and pesticides, lowering production costs and ecological impact. Its deep root system enhances soil structure, prevents erosion, and aids in carbon sequestration, making it a valuable tool for sustainable land management. Furthermore, its integration into crop rotation systems supports soil health and contributes to climate change mitigation. This paper highlights camelina’s multifaceted advantages for Kyrgyzstan’s agriculture, emphasizing its potential to enhance food security, boost rural economies, and promote environmental sustainability. By adopting camelina, Kyrgyzstan can diversify its agricultural portfolio, reduce vulnerability to climate change, and align with global sustainable development goals. This review underscores the need for further research, policy support, and farmer education to fully realize camelina’s potential in the region.

Improving the quality of meat and meat products, expanding the range of products — these are the main tasks facing the meat industry.
To solve this problem, it is necessary to find additional sources of raw materials. Against this background, products made from raw materials that could guarantee as many product safety factors as possible become relevant. This trend is increasingly spreading to yak meat, the number of which is constantly increasing. This is due to the fact that the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the mountainous countries of Central Asia, which has favorable climatic and pasture-feeding conditions for yak cultivation.
Considering that yaks live in high-altitude conditions, their meat is not only environmentally friendly and economical, but also of great interest in terms of its chemical composition. Consequently, the creation of a rational technology for the production of meat products from non–traditional raw materials - yak meat, improving their quality will significantly increase the production of meat products, diversify the range, and increase the economic effect, which is the main objective of this work.
The article presents a material on the use of yak meat for the production of a new ham product. The choice of yak meat is explained by the following reasons: it is an environmentally friendly raw material; its cost is lower compared to other types of meat, which is due to the fact that the cost of raising yaks is lower than that of other animal species; meat is of interest in terms of protein content.
The article presents the developed technology for preparing a new boiled stuffed roll using Sous-Vide heat treatment, for which the patent of the Kyrgyz Republic for invention No. 2352 was obtained.

This study aimed to investigate the growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, and Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 10654 in koumiss produced from raw mare’s milk during fermentation. The pathogens were individually inoculated into raw mare’s milk (Group 1: E. coli, Group 2: L. monocytogenes, Group 3: S. aureus) and also as a mixture (Group 4), each at a level of 10⁶ cfu/mL. Fermentation was initiated by adding previously fermented koumiss as a traditional starter culture, and all groups were incubated at 25°C. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 5, and 24 hours, as well as on days 2, 3, 4, and 5, for microbiological and chemical analyses. During fermentation, pH, dry matter, and protein content decreased, while titratable acidity and alcohol content increased. A positive correlation was observed between the growth of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic aerobic bacteria, Lactobacillus spp., and the pathogenic microorganisms. In contrast, a negative correlation was found between the pathogens and yeast and mold counts. The number of pathogenic microorganisms declined over time and was completely eliminated by the second day of fermentation. It is concluded that the inhibition of pathogens was associated with the increase in titratable acidity and alcohol content, and the decrease in pH. Since koumiss produced from raw mare’s milk may pose a public health risk before the second day of fermentation, it is recommended that producers adopt better hygienic practices and raise their awareness regarding food safety.
Note: This study was produced from the author’s doctoral dissertation.

Abstract
This study aims to reveal the contribution of inland aquaculture, according to production values, number of farms, and capacities. In the world, total fisheries and aquaculture production were around 180 and 90 million tons in 2021 respectively. Rainbow trout is produced in more than 75 countries in the world, with a production amount of approximately 1.1 million tons in 2021. Within this field, Iran was first with near 200,000 tons, followed by Turkey with near 150,000 tons in 2021. When viewed from a “10-year of change” aspect, the amount of aquaculture in Turkey increased from 210.000 tons in 2012 to 470,000 tons in 2021. Rainbow trout accounts for 35% of total aquaculture production in 2021. This species is cultured in more than 65 cities in Turkey.
Kyrgyzstan is a country rich in water reserves in its region. However, consumption is quite limited due to the production of aquatic products. It can be said that the reasons are many factors such as the fact that the people do not have the habit of consuming enough, the prices are high compared to their purchasing power, it is not available when wanted, and its freshness cannot be preserved due to the weakness of transportation and storage facilities.

The use of pesticides in agriculture is a key method for increasing agricultural productivity, as they protect crops from pests, diseases, and weeds, thereby improving yields. However, their widespread and uncontrolled application leads to serious environmental problems, as chemical compounds pollute soil, water, and air. Pesticides, especially organochlorine types, are persistent and remain in the environment for long periods. They accumulate in the tissues of plants and animals through water and eventually pose significant risks to humans at the end of the food chain. This report provides a comprehensive literature review on pesticides, including their history, classification, areas of application, effectiveness in agriculture, and their impact on the environment and human health. It also discusses global and national (Kyrgyzstan) regulations on pesticide use, the types that are outdated or banned, their storage conditions, and research findings confirming their harmful effects on ecosystems. The carcinogenic, cytotoxic, and neurotoxic properties of pesticides have been analyzed, along with their potential to cause oncological diseases, neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, and their negative influence on reproductive health through endocrine disruption. Improper use of pesticides can lead to a wide range of health issues, from acute poisoning to chronic diseases, including various types of malignant tumors, infertility, leukemia, asthma, immune disorders, and diabetes. The long-term accumulation of undetected pesticide effects can lead to serious health consequences. This report has demonstrated the links between different diseases and pesticide exposure. Additionally, ongoing research indicates associations with brain cancer, cancers of the excretory system, liver and colon cancer, allergic diseases, reproductive disorders, congenital anomalies, fetal death, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This analysis highlights the importance of further research on pesticides and organochlorine compounds and the need for environmental monitoring of obsolete pesticide residues.

In this study, we aimed to determine optimal drying conditions to preserve the quality characteristics of Foxtail lily (Eremurus spectabilis M. Bieb.) with minimal quality loss. This wild edible medicinal and aromatic plant belongs to the Liliaceae family and is geographically distributed across South and Central Asia (Iran, Western Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, the Caucasus, and Turkey). It is rich in vitamin C and B3, reduced glutathione (GSH), flavonoids, fiber, and microelements, making it valuable both for various industrial applications and in traditional folk medicine due to its antioxidative and antimicrobial properties. The thin-layer drying characteristics of Foxtail lily (Eremurus spectabilis M. Bieb.) were investigated using microwave drying technique. Drying experiments were conducted at different microwave power levels (90, 360, 600, and 800 W), and the drying kinetics of the plant were examined throughout the process. Additionally, thermal color degradation occurring during microwave drying was investigated. In the color space: L represents luminosity/brightness, with values ranging from 0 (black) to 100 (white). The color parameters “a” and “b” represent red and yellow at positive values, and green and blue at negative values [±a (red-green), ±b (yellow-blue)]. Experimental parameters related to color change were evaluated, and these parameters were used to calculate total color change (ΔE), chroma value (CV), hue angle, and browning index (BI). During microwave drying, L, b, chroma, and hue angle values decreased, while a, ΔE, and BI values increased. It was determined that microwave drying occurred primarily in the falling rate period. Increasing the microwave power level resulted in reduced drying time. The effective diffusion coefficients (Deff) were calculated using Fick’s Diffusion Model, with effective diffusivity values ranging from 6.65×10⁻⁷ to 4.67×10⁻⁶ m²/s. An Arrhenius-type exponential function was employed as a mathematical model to determine the activation energy, which was calculated to be 7.31 W·g⁻¹.

Fermented foods have played an important role in the history of human nutrition for millennia. The effects of fermented products such as 'yoghurt', 'katık (a type of fermented milk product)' and 'tarhana', which are traditionally consumed in a geographical area extending from the Tien-Shan region of Central Asia to Anatolia, on the digestive system microbiota are remarkable. These products are abundant in probiotic microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium species, and yeasts. They have been reported to increase intestinal microbial diversity, support the inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms, and have immunomodulatory effects.
The production of yoghurt and katık is the result of a symbiotic interaction between bacteria, namely Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, which occur during the fermentation process. Tarhana, conversely, is produced through the fermentation of a blend of cereals, yoghurt and vegetables. This process is distinguished by its microbial diversity, comprising Lactobacillus spp., Pediococcus spp. and acidophilic yeasts. The regular consumption of these products has been associated with the maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity, the production of short-chain fatty acids and reduced systemic inflammation.
Analyses of microbiota indicate that traditional fermentation techniques result in a greater diversity of microbial species compared to industrial processes. Moreover, the stabilizing effect of these foods in cases of dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) may have therapeutic potential in pathologies such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory bowel diseases.
In conclusion, it is evident that these fermented foods, which have disseminated from the Tien-Shan to Anatolia through migration and cultural interaction, reflect the profound relationship between human health and microbiota dynamics. It is imperative that traditional production methodologies are preserved and that further characterization of the microbial content of these products is undertaken for the advancement of research in the fields of nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Effective downstream processing methods are needed for the large-scale purification of enzymes. In recent years, non-chromatographic methods like three-phase partitioning (TPP), which can be directly applied to crude extracts, are gaining popularity due to their fast, high efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. modified TPP variants are also being used and developed to enhance the extraction yield and purification fold of enzymes. In this study, the glutaminase enzyme produced from Pseudomonas iridis ZV-37 was partially purified for the first time using the Conventional three-phase partitioning (TPP) method and a new modification of TPP, alternating current magnetic field-assisted three phase partitioning (ACMF-TPP). Conventional TPP was optimized and used as a reference method, which yielded 131% of the enzyme with 4.48-fold purity with optimized experimental conditions such as (NH4)2SO4 saturation (50% w/v), crude enzyme solution to tert-butanol ratio (1:2 v/v), pH 5. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize ACMF-TPP. With RSM optimized experimental conditions of ACMF-TPP such as magnetic field irradiation time (6 min), duty cycle (40%), and power (40 W), the maximum yield obtained was 188% with purity of 5.85 folds. Glutaminase purity and yield were enhanced within a considerably shorter processing time (6 min in ACMF-TPP as against 60 min in conventional TPP). The results show that ACMF-TPP is a more effective method for partially purifying glutaminase than conventional TPP.

The liver is the largest of the parenchymal organs. Each liver cell contains several thousand enzymes that catalyze the reactions of numerous metabolic pathways. There are many enzymes that are equally important for the normal state of the liver tissue and the overall metabolic processes, but have different functional purposes. Also, depending on their increased activity, liver tissue pathology is distinguished. The aim of our study was to investigate the activity of enzymes in blood serum in various liver diseases. In the course of the study, we performed biochemical assays in blood serum of patients with various liver tissue pathologies. The experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: the first group - patients with fatty liver disease, the second group - patients with choleсystitis, and the third group - patients with viral hepatitis. All patients underwent biochemical blood analysis according to standard methods. The activity of enzymes in blood serum of men and women with different liver pathologies was studied in detail. It is shown that the activity of indicator enzymes in blood serum of men with choleсystitis is higher than in blood serum of women (54.3±1.3 units/l; 58.2±5.4 units/l and 65.5±2.1). It was found that the concentration of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase increased in the blood serum of women with choleсystitis of the liver. The activity of indicator, secretory and excretory enzymes in the blood serum of patients with steatohepatosis was 1.5 times higher than in the control group. It is shown that hyperenzymemia develops in the body of patients with viral hepatitis. As the concentration of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase in blood serum of patients increases 4-4,5 times. Thus, the activity of indicator, secretory and excretory enzymes increases in liver pathology.

The aim of this study sought to determine how the cryopreservation of bovine semen was affected by the addition of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), and Bifidobacterium longum (BL) to semen diluents at a rate of 109 CFU/mL. For six weeks, the study used the semen from four Simmental bulls. By pooling, the semen was separated into five groups. Two groups constituted the control group (with and without antibiotics), while LR, LA, and BL were added to the semen diluent of the other three groups, and the semen samples were frozen in nitrogen vapor. After thawing the frozen semen samples for 25 seconds at 38 °C, spermatological and biochemical assays were carried out. The probiotic-reconstituted groups showed increases in kinematic parameters, total and progressive motility. The BL group had the lowest MDA level, while the LR group had the highest. BL group had the highest SOD and CAT activity (p<0.001). TGF-β and Caspase-3/CPP32 levels were the lowest in the BL group (p<0.001). STAR and ATP synthase levels did not differ between the groups. TRPM3 levels were lowest in the LR group. In conclusion, in the cryopreservation of bovine semen, the addition of probiotic bacteria instead of antibiotics increases sperm total motility and progressive motility values. The addition of BL to bovine semen caused a decrease in oxidative stress TGF- β and Caspase-3 levels and an increase in TRPM3 and ATP synthase levels. The addition of LR induced oxidative stress and caused an increase in TGF- β and Caspase 3 levels.

Food production methods continue to evolve with time; however, food safety remains one of the most critical issues in public health. In addition to food safety concerns, the misuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms and pathogens that can withstand food processing and storage conditions, resulting in significant challenges. Due to bacteria's ability to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, treating bacterial infections has become increasingly difficult.
Depending on their mode of action, antimicrobial agents inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, DNA and RNA synthesis, bacterial membrane lysis, protein synthesis, and metabolic pathways. In this study, the antibacterial activity of honey at 50%, 60%, and 80% aqueous concentrations, as well as fermented beverages kumis and bozo, was investigated using the agar diffusion method against three pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli.
Honey samples demonstrated dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with 60% and 80% concentrations forming inhibition zones of 1–1.2 mm in diameter, exhibiting greater antibacterial effects compared to the 50% concentration. Meanwhile, bozo showed an average inhibition zone of 1.4 ± 0.2 mm against Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli, whereas kumis exhibited inhibition zones of 1.2 ± 0.3 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli.
The primary antibacterial agents in honey are hydrogen peroxide and unidentified protein compounds. During fermentation, the ethanol content in fermented beverages can range from 0.2% to 2.5%, sometimes reaching up to 3.5%. Additionally, Lactobacillus species in kumis possess strong antagonistic activity against pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, contributing to its antibacterial properties.
These food products can be directly consumed as part of a diet or used as active ingredients for antimicrobial applications.

Summary
Plants face abiotic and biotic stress at every stage of their lives. Particularly, plant pathogen microorganisms cause irreversible damage to plants. Fusarium, one of the leading pathogens, causes pathogenicity in many plants worldwide both during growth and after the plants are infected. Various chemicals are used in the fight against pathogens like this one. However, these chemicals have negative effects on human and environmental health. In recent years, environmentally friendly innovative practices have been used to prevent stress factors in plants. Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) is one of these innovative practices. In our study, HRW was used for the first time to eliminate the negative effects of biotic stress in plants, and promising results were obtained.
Keywords: HRW, Biotic stress, Fusarium

The increasing and unregulated production and use of plastics in recent decades has resulted in significant environmental pollution. The lack of proper recycling of plastic waste has led to numerous environmental problems and the accumulation of plastic fragments in the world's oceans and soil environments.
The aim of this research was to study and compare the microplastic pollution of urban and suburban soils. For this reason, soil samples were taken from 2 locations: the city center and a field near the mountains. Physicochemical analyzes such as water content, pH, electrical conductivity, carbonate content, water holding capacity and organic matter content were performed. The amount, size, shape and color of microplastics were examined visually and using a microscopic method. The study showed that the abundance of microplastics in the city center was 91 ± 17 particles per kg of soil, while in the suburbs it was 2 ± 1. In addition, to study the effect of microplastics on the microbial community of the soil, polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl acetate copolymer at a concentration of 1, 5, 10% (w/w) was added to the soil samples and incubated for 4 weeks. Soil microbial respiration was analyzed by determining the CO2 content in the incubated soil every week. The results show that the higher the concentration of added microplastics, the lower the microbial activity in the soil. This study provides a basis for understanding the level of microplastic pollution in the soil in the city and developing measures to reduce it in the future.

In recent years, livestock farming in the Kyrgyz Republic has faced significant challenges due to various economic, political, and social factors. Several zoonotic infectious diseases have emerged, leading to substantial economic losses and posing risks to human health. Given the high cost, low quality, and limited availability of modern veterinary medicines, livestock owners have increasingly turned to ethnoveterinary practices to address these issues. This study aims to analyze and document the plants used by Kyrgyz farmers to treat infectious livestock diseases, including their local names, preparation methods, and applications. The research is based on scientific studies conducted in 2015, 2018, and 2021. Researchers selected participants using both snowball and spontaneous sampling methods, collecting data through semi-structured interviews. According to 550 URs, farmers used 32 plant species from 14 families to treat infectious diseases. These included wild herbs (429 URs), wild trees (96 URs), and cultivated herbs (25 URs). The most frequently used plant family was Asteraceae (8 species), followed by Ranunculaceae (5 species), Apiaceae (4 species), and Gentianaceae (3 species). Commonly used plants included Juniperus pseudosabina Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (51 URs), Juniperus polycarpos var. seravschanica (45 URs), Peganum harmala L. (45 URs). Farmers primarily utilized aerial parts (207 URs), whole plants (148 URs), and roots (121 URs). These plant-based remedies were mainly used for sheep (201 URs), followed by horses (162 URs) and cattle (136 URs). The most common extraction methods were infusion (171 URs) and decoction (167 URs). The remedies were administered primarily through application to affected skin (206 URs), oral intake (198 URs), and inhalation (146 URs). The most frequently treated diseases were adenitis equorum (171 URs), colibacillosis (163 URs), ringworm (108 URs). Most plants used by Kyrgyz farmers are known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties, though some require further phytochemical and pharmacological research.

Wounds are a common ailment among domestic animals in the Kyrgyz Republic, primarily due to uncontrolled grazing, where multiple species share pastures without separation. The lack of designated grazing areas and limited access to modern veterinary medicine in remote regions force farmers to rely on traditional herbal remedies for first aid and treatment. This study aims to document the plants used by Kyrgyz farmers to treat wounds, including their local names, preparation methods, and applications. The research is based on scientific studies conducted in 2015, 2018, and 2021. Participants were selected using both snowball and spontaneous sampling methods, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. According to 446 use reports (URs), farmers utilized 24 plant species from 15 families to treat wounds. These included wild herbs (435 URs) and wild trees (11 URs). The most frequently used plant families were Asteraceae and Polygonaceae (both 4 species), followed by Apiaceae (3 species) and Plantaginaceae (2 species), while the remaining families were represented by one species each. The most commonly used plants included Dracocephalum nodulosum Rupr. (58 URs), and Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (46 URs). Farmers primarily used aerial parts (218 URs), whole plants (103 URs), and roots (75 URs). The most common preparation methods were without extraction (137 URs), decoction (126 URs), and infusion (124 URs). These herbal remedies were mainly used for horses (218 URs), followed by cattle (160 URs), sheep (39 URs), donkeys (27 URs), and goats (2 URs). The remedies were primarily administered through topical application to the affected skin (413 URs), with a smaller number given orally (15 URs). Most plants used by Kyrgyz farmers to treat animal wounds are known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, further phytochemical and pharmacological research is needed to validate their efficacy and safety.

Hippophae rhamnoides is a plant with high nutritional and pharmaceutical value, widely sought after worldwide for its medicinal and nutritional properties. Sea buckthorn-based products are in great demand. Kyrgyzstan, with its favorable climatic conditions, has excellent potential for sea buckthorn cultivation, offering significant export opportunities. The country’s mountainous and foothill regions provide ideal conditions for its growth, with suitable soil and climate. In recent years, sea buckthorn plantations have been actively developing in Kyrgyzstan as a promising agribusiness sector. The establishment of sea buckthorn plantations in Kyrgyzstan begins with selecting a suitable site with fertile, well-drained soil and sufficient sunlight. Farmers choose high-quality seedlings, usually climate-adapted varieties resistant to local conditions. To increase yields, farmers implement drip irrigation, organic fertilizers, and pest protection. The development of such plantations is supported by government programs and international grants, encouraging export growth.
In Europe and Asia, the demand for organic products and superfoods is increasing, providing an additional advantage for sea buckthorn exports. This plant is in demand not only in the food industry but also in cosmetics due to its high content of vitamins, antioxidants, and fatty acids. Kyrgyzstan has established traditions of natural farming, allowing it to secure a niche in the organic product market. However, local farmers face several challenges, including the lack of organic certification, weak processing and storage infrastructure, and difficulties in logistics and marketing. To successfully enter international markets, it is essential to introduce modern processing technologies, certify products according to international standards, and develop farmer cooperatives. Thus, sea buckthorn export presents significant opportunities for Kyrgyz farmers.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most rapidly spreading chronic diseases globally and has become a major public health issue in Central Asia, including the Kyrgyz Republic. The aim of this literature review is to examine the prevalence, major risk factors, and public health impact of diabetes mellitus among the Kyrgyz population. The analysis is based on scientific publications and national health reports relevant to the topic, published between 2000 and 2023.
The review found that the prevalence of diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, is increasing annually among the Kyrgyz population. The disease is especially common in major cities such as Bishkek and Osh. In urban populations, the main contributing factors identified are unhealthy diet, low physical activity, and obesity. In rural areas, the prevalence is somewhat lower; however, due to limited access to diagnostic services, many cases may remain undetected.
In addition, genetic predisposition appears to play a significant role in the development of diabetes. Some studies suggest that polymorphisms in genes such as TCF7L2, PPARG, and FTO are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in the Kyrgyz population. Nevertheless, large-scale genetic studies specifically focused on the Kyrgyz population are still lacking.
Biochemical analyses across the reviewed literature indicate elevated fasting glucose levels, HbA1c values exceeding the diabetic threshold, and lipid imbalances (notably high triglycerides and LDL cholesterol) among patients. These findings highlight the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases commonly associated with diabetes.
In conclusion, diabetes remains a serious issue in the Kyrgyz Republic. Accessible and continuous diabetes screening for the broader population, especially in remote areas, is urgently needed. This literature review can serve as an informational basis for developing prevention and treatment strategies for diabetes among the Kyrgyz population.

The purpose of this scientific study is to assess the quality of vegetable oils used in public catering establishments in Bishkek. With the widespread use of fast food, the quality and safety of oils used in its preparation are of particular importance. Especially when oils are repeatedly used at high temperatures, their composition can change and negatively impact human health.
The study aimed to assess the sanitary and hygienic state of the oils used, and the main quality indicators were determined: acid value, peroxide value, and concentration of heavy metals (lead, mercury, antimony, cadmium). Three oil samples taken from different public catering establishments in Bishkek were analyzed.
The results obtained for acid and peroxide values met sanitary requirements for all samples. The level of heavy metals in the oils was evaluated in comparison with sanitary and hygienic standards. It was found that lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and antimony (As) were above the permissible limit in all samples. The permissible limit for lead is 0.1 mg/kg. In samples No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3, the levels were 0.185 mg/kg (1.85 times), 0.202 mg/kg (2.02 times), and 0.186 mg/kg (1.86 times), respectively. The permissible limit for mercury is 0.01 mg/kg, but in the samples it was exceeded by 21.7–28.0 times. The levels of antimony were 2.5–2.79 times higher. Additionally, the level of cadmium (Cd) in sample No. 2 was 0.073 mg/kg, which was 1.46 times above the permissible limit (0.05 mg/kg).
These data prove that the repeated use of such oils poses a risk to human health. Regular monitoring of heavy metal content in edible oils and implementing measures for their recycling and safe disposal is an important step toward protecting public health and ensuring food safety.

Our modern world faces significant environmental problems due to human activities. The intensive use of fossil fuels, especially in processes related to energy generation, causes the release of major pollutants. In the 21st century, there is a great trend towards alternative and sustainable sources to fossil fuels, but the use of fossil fuels is still ongoing. The suitability of the existing technological infrastructure and sociopolitical reasons suggest that the use of fossil fuels will continue. If fossil fuels cannot be prevented against these scenarios, practices to reduce polluting impacts are evaluated. Among the environmental applications in these issues, biological solutions are particularly noteworthy due to their sustainability and low costs. New microorganisms and processes are needed to treat fossil fuels or to remove contaminants generated in processes. In these processes, isolates that work efficiently and are adapted to local problems are much more promising than known commercial samples. This study focuses on sulfur compounds as an important environmental problem and aims to produce various solutions for isolation steps

Bread is one of the most widely consumed staple foods in daily life. However, its susceptibility to physicochemical and microbiological changes significantly shortens its shelf life and negatively impacts both food safety and sensory quality. One of the major concerns in bread production is "rope spoilage," a condition associated with the activity of Bacillus subtilis, which disrupts the internal structure of bread and renders it unfit for consumption. To address this issue, some manufacturers resort to using antibiotics; however, such additives may inhibit the activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the primary yeast used in fermentation, ultimately degrading the overall quality of the final product.
The aim of this study was to develop a safe and effective alternative for bread fermentation by preparing a dough starter based on traditional Kyrgyz bozo. Bozo is a naturally fermented beverage that contains lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. In this research, dough starters were prepared using both bozo and whey, and their antimicrobial properties were evaluated. Both ingredients demonstrated inhibitory activity against Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones reaching up to 2.5 cm. The physicochemical properties of the ingredients were also analyzed: bozo exhibited a pH of 3.64 and titratable acidity of 106 °T, while whey had a pH of 4.86 and acidity of 69 °T.
Microbiological analysis revealed yeast counts of 6 × 10⁵ CFU/mL in bozo and 7.5 × 10⁶ CFU/mL in whey; mesophilic bacteria counts were 2 × 10⁶ CFU/mL in bozo and 7.5 × 10⁶ CFU/mL in whey. Bread samples produced under laboratory conditions were stored in LDPE packaging at room temperature, alongside commercial bread, and monitored for the first signs of spoilage. As a result, bozo- and whey-fermented breads remained stable for up to 20 days, whereas the commercial bread sample spoiled within 6–7 days.

Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common type of cancer worldwide, accounts for approximately 10% of all cancer cases and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is known that factors such as angiogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and the immune system play a role in CRC formation and metastasis, and that intracellular signaling pathways are effective on these factors.
Although 5-Fluorouracil and other existing drugs used in the treatment of CRC today are the preferred agents, their treatment success rates are low as they cause chemoresistance in secondary treatment and relapse cases due to their large molecular structure.
In the last few years, boron compounds have become increasingly used in the chemotherapy of some types of cancer with high malignancy and inoperable cancers. Although many boron derivatives such as boric acid (BA) have been discovered to have anticancer effects, there are also many boron derivatives whose anticancer effects have not yet been discovered. Our aim in this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of undiscovered boron compounds (Dodecaborate, colemanite (Col), ulexite (UX) and borax (BX), sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (NaB), lithium borate (LTB)) in colon cancer models.
For this purpose, the proliferative and cytotoxic effects on colon cell cultures (HorF, Caco-2 and HCT116) were investigated with crystal violet (CV, 24 hours) and MTT (24 and 48 hours) tests, respectively. These cells were investigated for Bax and Caspase-3 to be analyzed by immunofluorescence method to determine proapotosis and apoptosis.
These data reveal that the synthesized compound has a dose- and time-dependent effect, is more effective for cancer cells at low concentrations, and that the compounds have an anti-cancer effect considering the cancer selectivity index.

Sarcoptic mange is a widespread parasitic disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which affects domestic and wild mammals. In Kyrgyzstan, S. scabiei was first reported in Capra sibirica by Vyrypaev. In 2022–2023, official cases were registered by the Ministry of Natural Resources, Ecology and Technical Supervision of the Kyrgyz Republic in Siberian ibex populations in the Naryn region. The Siberian ibex is widely distributed across Central and South Asia and is "Endangered". The clinical, epidemiological, and demographic aspects of host-mite interactions remain poorly studied. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of Nobuto© filter paper strips for the detection of antibodies to S. scabiei in wild ungulates of Kyrgyzstan and to determine the seroprevalence of sarcoptic mange among Siberian ibex and Ovis ammon. Biological samples were collected during the international trophy hunting seasons of 2019–2023 in the Issyk-Kul and Naryn regions of the Kyrgyz Republic by rangers of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Ecology and Technical Supervision. Blood samples from legally hunted ibex and argali were collected onto Nobuto© filter paper strips. A modified ELISA protocol using a biotin-avidin amplification system based on the commercial Sarcoptes-ELISA 2001® DOG kit, previously validated for Capra pyrenaica, was used. The Samples included Nobuto© FP eluates from 132 individuals of Siberian ibex and 27 individuals of argali. The adapted ELISA method demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity (≥93%) for different sample types. The overall seroprevalence of sarcoptosis among the wild ungulates of Kyrgyzstan was determined, with marked differences by region and species: higher in Naryn compared to Issyk-Kul, and higher in Siberian ibex than in argali. Nobuto© filter paper strips proved to be an effective, practical, and reliable method for sample collection and serological investigation of sarcoptic mange. This study provides valuable data on the seroepidemiological status of S.scabiei among wild ungulates in Kyrgyzstan.

The genetic characteristics of organisms are crucial for identifying their species and properties, as their nuclear structures chromosomes are proven to be a complete repository of genetic information about the organism. Therefore, by characterizing the chromosomal set of an organism through the morphology of chromosomes, the size of chromosomes, and the ratios of chromosome arms and by comparing them with the karyotypes of other isolated small populations, it is possible to study the cytogenetic features of spatially-biotope-isolated populations, their relationships with the surrounding environment, and adaptations at the level of karyotypes. This approach helps address several issues in zoology, systematics, evolution, and genetics. The ecological characteristics, bioecological and cytogenetic features of certain mammals inhabiting the Kemin region are described. These include the large-eared hedgehog - Hemiechinus auritus Gmelin (Erinaceidae, Insectivora), the common pipistrelle bat – Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera), the blue marmot – Marmota baibacina Kastschenko (Sciuridae, Rodentia), and the Tian Shan jerboa - Sicista tianschanica Salensky (Sminthidae, Rodentia). The ecological conditions of the ranges of these mammals, along with their feeding habits and reproductive characteristics, are thoroughly depicted alongside their karyotypes. The forms of autosomes and sex chromosomes that constitute the analyzed karyotype based on karyograms are fully described and categorized for analysis.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that is very common worldwide. That is caused by insulin deficiency or inadequate effects of insulin on target tissues. DM has many complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy and cardiomyopathy due to hyperglycemia. The most common among these is neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy is a loss of sensory function that begins in the distal lower extremities and is also characterized by pain. This situation negatively affects life satisfaction in many people and makes them dependent on drugs for a long time. Since DM is a chronic disease, herbal treatments have been used more widely in the treatment of the disease in recent years in order to have fewer side effects. Morin Hydrate is a bioflavonoid compound belonging to the Moraceae family. It is known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic and antimicrobial potential. Therefore, it is aimed to investigate the protective and supportive effect of morin hydrate on nephrotoxicity due to DM. For this purpose, study groups were created: Control, Diabetes, Diabetes + Metformin, Diabetes + Metformin + MH 100 group, Diabetes + MN100 and MH100. Morin hydrated prevented lipid peroxidation, GSH depletion, and reduction of antioxidant enzyme activities, CAT, SOD and GPx. It was determined that it significantly reduced MDA level, ROS production, nNOS, and 8 OHdG expressions. It was determined that it significantly reduced the level of NF-κB, an important marker of neuroinflammation caused by hyperglycemia, and the expression of caspase 3 and Bax, markers of apoptosis.
As a result, it has been revealed that morin hydrate prevents oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis due to hyperglycemia, has a neuroprotective effect and can also provide supportive treatment together with the reference treatment.

The results of studies conducted in the communities of small-turf steppes of the At-Bashi River basin in Kyrgyzstan are presented. The vegetation cover of the sod steppes of the region is characterized by a number of features: absence of forests, poor flora of higher plants, sparseness, weak density and low vegetation. The grass stand of these steppes is mainly represented by herbaceous plants of a semi-rosette form and dense turf grasses, as well as subshrubs such as Artemisia tianschanica and other species. Steppe vegetation is significantly impacted by unsystematic grazing, which affects both coastal and remote communities. Under the influence of grazing pressure, vegetation degrades: the composition of dominants changes, and productivity decreases. At present, the vegetation of steppe pastures largely consists of anthropogenic communities of varying degrees of disturbance. However, under favorable environmental conditions, vegetation is able to recover. Of all the weather conditions in the period from 2009 to 2016, the most favorable for the development of grass stand were the conditions of 2016, and the driest was 2014. Weather conditions in 2016 had a positive impact on the development of grass stand and the productivity of aboveground phytomass in steppe communities. The high-mountain zone of the Inner Tien Shan has a number of specific climatic features. High intensity of solar radiation contributes to significant warming of the soil, despite the relatively low air temperature. This leads to an unstable state of the atmosphere and constant daytime convection, accompanied by the development of clouds and thunderstorms. The weather conditions here are extremely changeable: Clear days quickly give way to cloudy ones, and the growing season is accompanied by short-term heavy rains, sometimes with hail and snow, which creates extreme conditions for vegetation.

The ileum is the final part of the small intestine and plays a crucial role in digestion in birds. It not only absorbs essential micromolecules through epithelial villi but also functions as a key immune organ. It contains Peyer’s patches (B-lymphocyte-rich lymphoid follicles), scattered T cells, and macrophages. Although extensively studied in humans and various mammalian and avian species, macro- and micromorphological data on the ileum of Phasianus colchicus mongolicus (Mongolian pheasant) are lacking in the current literature. This study aims to define the anatomical, histological, and morphometric characteristics of the ileum in domesticated Phasianus colchicus mongolicus. The primary material consisted of ileum samples from seven 11–12-month-old pheasants euthanized via decapitation. Prior to dissection, each bird was weighed, and a thorough anatomical and morphometric examination of the digestive system was conducted, with a focus on the ileum. Length and width measurements were obtained using calipers (accuracy: 0.05 mm) and a measuring tape (accuracy: 0.1 mm). Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin and processed for histological analysis. Sections of 4 µm thickness were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and subjected to Schiff’s iodine reaction to detect glycogen. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Macroscopic analysis revealed that the ileum had a slightly firm wall with a reddish-gray hue. Dense nodules were particularly abundant near the cecal junction. The average ileum length was 11.643 ± 0.4225 cm. Microscopically, the organ comprised serosal, muscular, and mucosal layers. Within the submucosa, lymphoid follicles, T lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and other immune cells were identified. The glycocalyx, goblet cells, and glandular epithelial cells exhibited positive reactions in Schiff’s test. These findings contribute valuable data to the field of avian morphology and provide a foundation for future research.

Fritillaria is a diverse genus in the Liliaceae family comprising 168 bulbous herbaceous perennial species distributed across Eurasia and North America. Fritillaria holds significant importance serving as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. These chemical constituents have been traditionally employed in ethnomedicine across various regions of Asia. Fritillaria eduardii, a rare ornamental species within this genus, is distributed in the south of Kyrgyzstan, east Uzbekistan and west Tajikistan. Recognized for its aesthetic appeal and cultural significance, F. eduardii, or Aigul, which in Kyrgyz means "moon flower" holds a special place in Kyrgyzstan's biological heritage. However, its natural population is threatened by severe anthropogenic pressure, earning its inclusion in the Kyrgyz Republic's Red Book of endangered species in 2005. This study investigates the antioxidant activity and antifungal potential of Fritillaria eduardii extract to explore its bioactive properties and support conservation efforts.
The research utilized methanol-water (80:20 v/v) extracts of above-ground plant stem and leaves. Total phenolic content and flavonoid levels were quantified using spectrophotometric methods, while antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH and CUPRAC assays. Antifungal efficacy against some pathogenic and parasitic fungi was assessed via the agar dilution method.
Key findings reveal significant bioactivity, with leaf extracts exhibiting higher antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content compared to stem extracts. Antifungal tests demonstrated notable inhibition of fungal growth, underscoring the plant's therapeutic potential.
This study highlights the dual ecological and biotechnological significance of F. eduardii. By providing foundational data on its bioactive properties, it emphasizes the importance of conservation and paves the way for future research in biodiversity and pharmacological applications.

Abstract
As part of sanitary and epidemiological control, spleen tissue samples were collected from wild fauna species: badger (Meles meles), roe deer (Capreolus), fox (Vulpes vulpes), and marmot (Marmota). Sampling was conducted in compliance with current legal regulations and based on officially issued permits confirming the legality of the animals' culling. The samples underwent standard histological processing, including fixation, dehydration, paraffin embedding, sectioning, and staining. For general microscopic examination and assessment of the organ’s morphofunctional state, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin — universal stain allowing clear visualization of cellular and tissue structures. Microscopy was performed using a Nikon ECLIPSE 50i light microscope, ensuring high accuracy and reproducibility. Microphotographs of characteristic structures were taken and included as visual documentation. The histological architecture of the spleen in each animal was described in detail at both the cellular and tissue levels. Each sample was evaluated according to its morphological features and functional state. The results, supported by existing scientific literature, confirmed that while the spleen's general microscopic organization is conserved across wild mammals, each species shows distinct micromorphological traits. These include variations in the cellular composition of white and red pulp, the structure and activity of T- and B-cell zones, distribution of cells within the red pulp, and individual differences in the size and structure of trabeculae and the capsule. The obtained histological data may serve as reference values for evaluating the spleen’s morphofunctional state in these wild species. Additionally, the findings are valuable for diagnosing and interpreting pathological changes of infectious or inflammatory origin.

Bread is one of the most widely consumed staple foods in daily life. However, its susceptibility to physicochemical and microbiological changes significantly shortens its shelf life and negatively impacts both food safety and sensory quality. One of the major concerns in bread production is "rope spoilage," a condition associated with the activity of Bacillus subtilis, which disrupts the internal structure of bread and renders it unfit for consumption. To address this issue, some manufacturers resort to using antibiotics; however, such additives may inhibit the activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the primary yeast used in fermentation, ultimately degrading the overall quality of the final product.
The aim of this study was to develop a safe and effective alternative for bread fermentation by preparing a dough starter based on traditional Kyrgyz bozo. Bozo is a naturally fermented beverage that contains lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. In this research, dough starters were prepared using both bozo and whey, and their antimicrobial properties were evaluated. Both ingredients demonstrated inhibitory activity against Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones reaching up to 2.5 cm. The physicochemical properties of the ingredients were also analyzed: bozo exhibited a pH of 3.64 and titratable acidity of 106 °T, while whey had a pH of 4.86 and acidity of 69 °T.
Microbiological analysis revealed yeast counts of 6 × 10⁵ CFU/mL in bozo and 7.5 × 10⁶ CFU/mL in whey; mesophilic bacteria counts were 2 × 10⁶ CFU/mL in bozo and 7.5 × 10⁶ CFU/mL in whey. Bread samples produced under laboratory conditions were stored in LDPE packaging at room temperature, alongside commercial bread, and monitored for the first signs of spoilage. As a result, bozo- and whey-fermented breads remained stable for up to 20 days, whereas the commercial bread sample spoiled within 6–7 days.

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, 720042, Kyrgyz Republic
Abstract
The Kyrgyz Taigan is a unique dog breed indigenous to Central Asia, specifically adapted to a nomadic lifestyle for purposes of hunting and livestock herding. This study aims to define the primary hematological and biochemical parameters of the Kyrgyz Taigan. The objective of the research is to establish baseline physiological values for healthy Kyrgyz Taigan, as well as to compile data concerning the health status and physiological condition of the breed.
During the study, blood samples were taken from 25 Kyrgyz Taigans of different ages and genders, which were analyzed on automatic hematology and biochemical analyzers. The following main parameters were determined: the number of red blood cells (RBS), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), total number and types of white blood cells (WBS), platelet count, as well as the main biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, glucose, creatinine, urea, liver enzymes, etc.).
The results obtained showed average values of hematological and biochemical parameters of Kyrgyz taigans. These parameters may show certain differences depending on age and gender.
In conclusion, this study may play an important role in veterinary diagnosis, breed health monitoring and further basic research.

Immunohistochemical research methods have become fundamental in routine clinical diagnostics and biomedical studies. In particular, immunohistochemistry is widely used for the precise identification of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages, as well as for assessing their morphofunctional state in immune organs and tissues under normal conditions and in the pathogenesis of various immunosuppressive disorders in both humans and animals. Markers such as CD3, CD79acy, and MAC387 are commonly used for this purpose. The aim of this study was to identify CD3-, CD79acy-, and MAC387-positive cells in the spleen of dogs, analyze their distribution, and evaluate their relative quantitative proportions. Spleen tissue samples from clinically healthy dogs were fixed in 10% neutral formalin and processed using standard histological techniques to prepare paraffin blocks. Tissue sections 3–5 µm thick were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for general analysis. For immunohistochemical staining, specialized microscope slides and antigen retrieval procedures were used. T-lymphocytes were identified using CD3, B-lymphocytes with CD79acy, and macrophages with MAC387. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides provide a general overview of the microstructure of the spleen, including the distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cellular components. However, precise identification and quantitative analysis of individual T- and B-lymphocytes, as well as macrophages, can only be achieved using the aforementioned immunohistochemical markers. Studies of this kind are fundamental and serve as a benchmark for investigating splenic pathology of various etiologies, particularly in cases of immunosuppressive diseases.

This study aims to determine the distribution and genetic structure of ABO blood groups and Rh factor among the population of Karakol. The relevance of the study is due to the need to clarify the medical-genetic characteristics of the population, increase safety in blood transfusion practice, as well as to scientifically understand the genealogical structure of regional populations.
The research material was collected from the Issyk-Kul regional blood bank for the period 2018–2022. The data were collected from 4017 donors registered at the center. The data were grouped by gender, blood group (ABO system), and Rh factor and analyzed using statistical methods. Genetic analysis was performed based on the Hardy-Weinberg law, and the frequencies of the A (p), B (q), and O (r) alleles were calculated.
According to the results of the study, the most common blood group among the population of Karakol was O (46.6%), followed by A (32.5%) and B (17.6%), and the least common blood group was AB (3.3%). Allele frequencies were: O (r) – 0.682, A (p) – 0.233, and B (q) – 0.085. Analysis of the Rh factor showed that 86.3% of the population is Rh-positive, and 13.7% are Rh-negative. When compared with gender differences, no statistically significant difference was observed.
The scientific and practical significance of the study is the regional population In addition to clarifying biological characteristics, blood group-related to increase the safety of medical procedures, to promote blood donation optimization and further research on the genetic structure of the population The aim is to create a basis for scientific work. The data obtained will be compared with other regions of Kyrgyzstan and will also allow for the clarification of inter-population characteristics. makes.

Phragmites australis (Sand Reed), also known as "big reed" or "sea reed," is a reed species found worldwide. This plant grows in degraded wetlands, such as salt and brackish marshes, swamps, rivers, lakes, ponds, and roadside ditches. This plant has applications in many areas, such as the reclamation of marshlands and as a filtration material in water treatment processes in aquatic ecosystems, as building materials in the construction sector, in papermaking, carpet weaving, in energy production as biomass, and in environmental restoration. However, since it is invasive, its adverse effects on the ecosystem are minimized by controlling it with chemical, physical, and biological methods. In this study, "Phragmites australis" growing in wetlands around Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, was evaluated in the treatment of waste oils. In this context, the reeds brought to the laboratory were dried, ground, and treated with 30-40% H3PO4 to obtain activated charcoal. Activated charcoals (AC) were used as adsorbents to treat used cooking oil (WCO). The % free fatty acid (%FFA), % peroxide number (%PV), and color of the waste oil before and after adsorption were compared with those of unused cooking oil. As the amount of adsorbent increased, %FFA and %PV values decreased. While the best treatment was achieved with a %FFA value of 11.44 with 1.5 g AC obtained by burning at 500 oC after treatment with 30% H3PO4, the minimum %PV was found to be 6 as a result of the treatment of the oil with 1 and 1.5 g adsorbent amounts of AC activated with 40% H3PO4 at 300 oC. These results show that WCOs were purified (PV% of used oil=44), and peroxide numbers close to the control (% PV=38) and even lower were obtained.

Cyanide leaching remains the primary method for gold extraction from ores in both traditional processing technologies and in-situ mining. During the implementation of this process at the Kumtor Gold Processing Plant, significant volumes of raw industrial wastewater are generated without prior treatment. Given these circumstances, specific characteristics of the model raw industrial wastewater were analyzed based on the annual report data (2012–2026) of the enterprise, including major and trace components, metals, nutrients, and hydrocarbons at various temperatures. Based on wastewater parameters, the permissible discharge limits (PDL) were calculated.
A physicochemical model was developed, and thermodynamic parameters were calculated at the minimum of the isobaric-isothermal potential over a wide temperature range (273.15–303.15 K). As a result, the concentration distribution of components and particles in the aqueous solution was obtained: (Al(SO4)2-, Al³⁺, AlF₂⁺, AlOH²⁺, AlSO₄⁺, AsSO₄³⁻, CO₃²⁻, Ca²⁺, CaCl⁺, CaHCO₃⁺, CaOH⁺, Cl⁻, Co²⁺, CrO₂⁻, CrO₃³⁻, Cu⁺, F⁻, Fe²⁺, FeCl⁺, H₂AsO₄⁻, H₂CO₃, H₃SiO₃⁺, H₄MnO₄²⁻, HAsO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻, HPbO₂⁻, HSO₄⁻, K⁺, KCO₃⁻, KSO₄⁻, Mg²⁺, MgCl⁺, MgHCO₃⁺, Mn²⁺, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, NaCO₃⁻, NaSO₄⁻, Ni²⁺, NiCl⁺, Pb²⁺, SO₄²⁻, Zn²⁺, ZnCl⁺, AsO₂⁻, Ba²⁺, BaCl⁺, Be²⁺, Cd²⁺, CdCl⁺, Cu⁺, HMnO₂⁻, HMoO₄⁻, SCN⁻, SbO₂⁻, V³⁺, CO₂, OH⁻, H⁺, H₂O). In the solid phase, the distribution included Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Ag, while in the gas phase, it included CO₂, CN⁻, CN, CN⁺, (CN)₂, N₂, NO₂, and O₂.
The calculated parameters corresponded to the operating conditions of the plant in a mountainous environment. The adequacy of the developed physicochemical model and the calculated data was validated against the experimental parameters of raw industrial wastewater. The physicochemical (density, mass, volume), thermodynamic (enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, internal energy), and phase (liquid, solid, gas) characteristics of this complex, multicomponent heterogeneous aqueous-saline system are valuable for predicting practical approaches to mixing different wastewater streams, particularly raw industrial and domestic wastewater at the facility.

One of the priority tasks in the field of environmental protection is the search for effective and eco-friendly wastewater treatment technologies from various types of pollutants.
This study aimed to obtain native and modified plant-based biosorbents and examine their adsorption capacity. Cotton stalks, tarragon wormwood, and walnut shells were used as raw materials for sorbents.
To achieve the objectives, chemical and physicochemical methods were applied. The concentration of a substance in the solution was determined using spectrophotometric method.
Modification was carried out with a 0.8–1% sodium hydroxide solution under static conditions (1:30 solid-to-liquid ratio) for 3 hours at room temperature with continious stirring. Then the mixture was filtered, washed with water until a neutral reaction, dried, and used as a modified adsorbent.
It was found that after modification, the adsorption capacity of cotton and tarragon increases almost twofold. For example, for iodine: cotton stalks - from 12.63% to 24.44%, tarragon wormwood - from 11.21% to 24.07%. Similar results were observed for methylene blue adsorption.
When determining Cr⁶⁺ using 1,5-diphenylcarbazide, the water under study was added to the resulting adsorbent in a ratio of 0.5 g: 50 ml and the optical density was measured at 540 nm. The content of chromium ions was recorded by spectrophotometric methods for 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 144 hours of contact of biosorbents with solutions.
The applied purification method ensures a high chromium removal efficiency (80–95%). Walnut shells showed an increase in efficiency from 75.6% to 94.8%, while tarragon mass improved from 67.6% to 89.3%. Modified biosorbents were found to be more effective in chromium ion adsorption compared to their native forms.
The concentration of unbound heavy metal ions was determined using calibration curves based on the optical density of absorption bands.

Abstract
Plants of the Arum genus, belonging to the Araceae family, are used in food and traditional medicine despite their toxicity. One representative of this genus is Arum korolkowii Regel, which is widely known in folk medicine among ethnic groups in Central Asia. With the exception of a few reports, the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of this plant have not been thoroughly studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the micro- and macronutrient composition of Arum korolkowii tubers growing in the southern region of Kyrgyzstan. Dried tuber samples of Arum korolkowii were subjected to acid hydrolysis using a microwave system. The nutrient content was determined using the ICP-MS method. Among the 46 analyzed elements, the highest concentration was found for K (10562 ppm), while the lowest values were detected for Te (0.002 ppm) and Bi (0.004 ppm). However, B (19.10 ppm), As (<3.20 ppm), and Se (0.126 ppm) were found to remain within safe limits. Relatively high concentrations of Na (226 ppm), Mg (2028 ppm), P (4288 ppm), K (10562 ppm), Ca (7750 ppm), Mn (18.3 ppm), Fe (312 ppm), Cu (4.80 ppm), and Zn (33.20 ppm), known for their nutritional benefits, were observed. Meanwhile, trace elements such as Co (0.212 ppm), Ni (2.37 ppm), Cd (0.117 ppm), Sn (0.040 ppm), Ba (18.70 ppm), and Pb (0.343 ppm), which have toxic potential and can negatively affect human health, were detected at levels below regulatory limits. In conclusion, the tubers of Arum korolkowii Regel, which are used in ethnomedicine by locals, contain a variety of beneficial micronutrients, while heavy metals are present within permissible limits.

In the autumn months, grass is cut and leaves from trees begin to fall. In particular, waste leaves are burned in villages. Since their chemical composition mainly consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, i.e. cellulose, they release many harmful substances into the environment during the oxidation process. Therefore, a preliminary literature analysis showed that among solid waste, the status of grass and tree leaves has been poorly studied. Taking this into account, the study examined apple tree leaves, since they are abundant in all areas. The work identified the sources and total amounts of solid waste on the university campus. Their locations were revealed. The compliance of the campus solid waste problems with the requirements of the UI GreenMetric world university rankings, their location and statistical parameters were confirmed. Model chemical compositions of apple tree leaves obtained based on a literature analysis were examined and the elemental compositions of fallen leaves were determined.
In the computational experiment, the apple leaf-air (oxygen) system was considered, and the concentration distribution of harmful carbon-containing substances (CO, CH4, C2H5, C4H2, C4H2, CN-, CO2, C2H2, C2H6, CHO, CHO, C2H4O2, HCN, N2C, Fe3C(c), K2CO3, C3O2, C2H3, C3H6, CHO2, CHO2, CHO2, C(c), CH3, C2H4, C3H8, CH2O, CH2O) formed in the gas was calculated at the maximum value of entropy. As a result, the thermodynamic and physicochemical parameters of apple leaf oxidation were found over a wide range of temperatures. Since the main composition of the leaf is carbon, as noted above, the amount of carbon footprint in the gas phase was calculated based on the concentration distributions of components and particles in the gas phase at the theoretical combustion temperature. The obtained calculation results corresponded to the balance indicators, indicating the accuracy of the model calculations. As a result, the negative aspects of leaf burning were identified.

Copper element is one of the oldest metals in terms of its use. Copper (Cu) element is an essential micronutrient element that is involved in the metabolism of living forms and must be taken regularly into the body due to its ability to catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions. Copper is used due to its biological importance and positive properties such as high solubility in water, high biocompatibility, low cost and easy availability. With the development of nanotechnology, Cu nanoclusters (Cu NCs) synthesized with both cheap and biocompatible methods are being studied for their use as sensors by taking advantage of their strong fluorescence properties. It has been determined that Cu NCs can be used in the determination of toxic materials such as pesticides, cancer drugs, and heavy metals with high sensitivity and high precision. The study draws attention to both the importance of environmentally friendly synthesis strategies and the potential of Cu nanoclusters in biosensor technology. This study demonstrates that Cu NCs obtained by green synthesis can be produced in accordance with the sustainability principle and can be used as a reliable fluorescent probe in chemical-biological sensing systems. Thus, both the production of environmentally friendly nanomaterials is encouraged and a contribution is made to advanced analysis technologies.

In this study, encapsulation of amaranth microgreens extract was carried out using complex coacervation method with bovine gelatin and gum arabic in order to increase the stability and bioavailability of its bioactive components. FTIR and XRD analyses of the obtained capsules confirmed a successful encapsulation process and the amorphous structure of the extract. The pH, acidity, antioxidant activity, microbiological properties, color and sensory properties of yogurt samples to which capsules were added at 0.1% and 0.5% levels were examined during 4 weeks of storage. Yogurts with capsule addition showed higher performance than the control group in terms of antioxidant activity. E. coli and S. aureus were not detected in microbiological analyses. The yogurt sample with 0.1% capsule addition was appreciated more than the control group in sensory evaluation. The results show that encapsulation of amaranth microgreens extract preserves the stability of bioactive components and increases the nutritional value of yogurt, providing a functional product.

Polyester is an important class of synthetic polymers in the chemical industry. It is especially known for its durability, cost-effectiveness, and wide range of applications across various industries. The fundamental components of polyesters are materials obtained through the polymerization of organic compounds such as ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
Due to its strong and lightweight structure, polyester is preferred in many sectors. Its chemical and physical durability, resistance to heat, ability to prevent moisture absorption, and long lifespan make it indispensable in industrial and commercial fields. Furthermore, its recyclability offers a significant advantage in terms of environmental sustainability. For this reason, polyesters are considered environmentally friendly materials.
Polyester is widely used in the textile industry, particularly in sportswear, underwear, workwear, carpets, bottles, packaging, and insulation materials. It is also used in vehicle interiors, upholstery, steering wheels, door panels, and composite production. Thanks to continuously evolving technologies, the applications and properties of polyesters are expanding every day. Due to their high heat resistance and moisture-repellent properties, polyesters find applications across a wide range—from textiles to the construction industry. As a result, research on the discovery of new polyester polymers with novel properties is increasing steadily.
In our study, a polyester polymer was synthesized using ethylene glycol and tartaric acid isolated from wine stone, a natural by-product formed during wine production. The obtained polymer was characterized using analytical methods.

Polyamide is a type of polymer that is frequently used in applications that require high performance. The chemical structure of polyamides contains an amide group (-CONH-). This helps the polymer gain properties that show high chemical resistance. Although they are stable in acidic and basic environments, they can be sensitive to strong oxidants. Unlike other polymers, they are widely used in the production areas of textiles, automotive, electrical electronics, medical devices, packaging and mechanical parts due to their durability, flexibility, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance and hydroscopic properties.
Polyamides are mostly synthesized by polycondensation. This method is based on the reaction of two monomers to form a polymer chain. Polyamides are strong, durable and flexible materials that are widely used in various industrial, mechanical and textile fields. Synthesis methods allow these materials to have a wide range of properties. For this reason, the areas where polyamides are used and new applications developing are increasing day by day.
In the light of this information, the formation rates of new polyamide polymers using tartaric acid and hydrazine hydrate were investigated by changing the temperature and solvent parameters.

The work considered some sources and nodes of glaciers in the world, including the general ecological state of glaciers in the mountain ridges of Kyrgyzstan. The data includes some map views using baseline data from the Central Asian Institute of Applied Geosciences. Based on these, methods for sampling and studying glacial waters were outlined. The chemical composition of glacial waters was given. Taking into account the melting of ice, the distribution of elements, their cations, anions and gases in water in a wide range of temperatures was calculated at the minimum value of the Gibbs energy. Tables and graphs were compiled based on the data obtained. The distributions of cations and anions in the model ice water confirmed the state of salts in the solution. As a result, the thermodynamic, physicochemical parameters of ice water were reflected in a wide range of temperatures. The oxidation-reduction potential of the solution and the value of the hydrogen index were shown. The experimental hydrogen index value in the water sample was 5.16, and the calculated was 5.61. In terms of the pH value, the glacial waters is slightly acidic, since salts in rocks and soil can dissolve and pass into solution. In addition, under the influence of wind, soil dust and some salts can settle on the surface of the ice, and enter the water when the ice melts. In particular, under the influence of sulfate salts, the pH decreases to 5.61, but this situation can be neutralized by calcium salts trapped in the ice water. Formulas for calculating the pH, oxidation and reduction potential of water were obtained. The results obtained confirmed that glacial waters are polluted by environmental influences. The sign of the oxidation-reduction potential of the solution was negative, confirming the above-mentioned state

The main ingredient in the production of these products is refractory clay, typically combined with a chamotte component.
Local clay deposits, such as those from Kok-Moynok, and quartz-kaolin sandstones from the Kok-Moynok region have been investigated. To produce chamotte ceramic products using refractory clay from the Kara-Kiche, Kok-Moynok, Tash-Kumyr, and Abshir deposits, natural Kok-Moynok clay has been tested as a substitute for chamotte. Quartz-kaolin from Kok-Moynok sandstone and fired clay from Tash-Kumyr and Abshir (calcined at 800–950°C) have been used in the production of semi-acid refractories.
A comparison of the mechanical properties of these compositions with the bending strength values for fireclay ceramics, as defined by GOST 390-83, has shown that ceramics based on local raw materials are not inferior to the standard in terms of bending strength. The porosity of the samples also meets regulatory standards.
Heat resistance measurements showed that the best-performing composition achieved a thermal stability of 1000°C, comparable to the standard chamotte ceramic (1050°C). Other samples demonstrated lower heat resistance, with a strength loss coefficient of 60–65% at 1000°C. This reduction can be attributed to the dual role of pores in ceramic materials: while they reduce the overall strength of the product, they also inhibit crack propagation, reducing internal stresses and improving thermal resistance. Experimental results indicate that porosity is the primary factor influencing thermal stability in the studied compositions.
The tested ceramic compositions demonstrated fire resistance ranging from 1580°C to 1600°C, corresponding to the SHUS and PV categories of fireclay products. These materials are recommended for use at temperatures up to 1250°C, at which they maintain their thermal resistance without additional shrinkage.

Abstract: The dairy industry generates substantial volumes of wastewater with high concentrations of organic pollutants, including lactose, fats, and proteins. If left untreated, these pollutants can lead to severe environmental issues, such as water contamination and oxygen depletion in aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluates the efficiency of electrocoagulation in treating dairy wastewater, with a primary focus on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The initial COD concentration in the wastewater was 30,000 mg/L. Two treatment methods were investigated: chemical coagulation and electrooxidation. In the first stage, chemical coagulation was conducted using varying dosages (0.1, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.8 g) of FeCl₃ and Al₂(SO₄)₃. However, this method exhibited low efficiency, resulting in weak coagulation and precipitation. In the subsequent stage, electrooxidation was performed using 1000 mL of wastewater treated with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes at 5 A current. The COD concentration decreased from 49,000 mg/L to 4900 mg/L, corresponding to an overall reduction of approximately 90%. In addition to COD removal, the study monitored changes in turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and pH levels throughout the treatment process. A significant reduction in turbidity was observed, from 1,200 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) to 350 NTU, while TSS levels decreased from 5200 mg/L to 1800 mg/L. The findings demonstrate that electrooxidation is a highly effective method for dairy wastewater treatment, achieving substantial pollutant removal within a relatively short time. Compared to conventional chemical treatment methods, electrooxidation offers several advantages, including lower chemical consumption, reduced sludge production, and improved environmental sustainability.

Metal oxide nanomaterials such as ZnO are frequently preferred in electronic device design due to their electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Performance increases when magnetic materials are selected as doping. In the study, doped ZnO thin film were grown simultaneously using selected Al, Ni, Co, Dy doped by pneumatic spray pyrolysis technique. Characterization analyses show that doping four different magnetic materials significantly changes the results. In crystal structure examinations, XRD results show that the structure changed phase with doping. According to optical analysis, a shift in absorbance value was observed with doping. There is no significant change in the bandgap. Similar structures are observed on the film surface. It is seen that magnetic doping materials have grown in the structure.

Insulation materials have traditionally been made from inorganic substances. However, in recent years, such materials have been restricted due to potential health risks. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct research on organic-based insulation materials.
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential for recycling peanut shell waste by creating a new low-thermal insulation material through the incorporation of sunflower husks as a filler in a composite resin. Chemical composition of the organic fillers, including the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, proteins, and lipids, may affect the material's degradation, hardness, rigidity, and adhesion to the chosen polymers. For this reason, chemical properties such as moisture content, fat content, fiber content and ash content are the most important factors to be considered and were determined as 6.45%, 2 %, 61%, 6 %, respectively.
An insulating material was developed from sunflower husks, textile waste, and urea–formaldehyde resin. The prepared samples were wrapped in a special cardboard housing and their thermal and noise insulating properties were determined. As a result, resin composites filled with sunflower husks exhibited the best physical properties and demonstrated its potential as an environmentally friendly and inexpensive material.

The increasing industrialization of the world has brought with it a number of hazards to the environment. Among the most important factors contributing to environmental pollution is the release of heavy metals in wastewater without their reduction to determined levels. Water contamination is therefore an important issue that needs to be addressed by finding a feasible, economical, effective, and definitive solution. Adsorption is an effective method of wastewater treatment and its efficiency is highly dependent on the type of adsorbent used. In recent years, nanocomposite materials have attracted attention for their outstanding properties. TiO2 and Fe nanomaterials, which are widely used in nanotechnology, are among the nanomaterials used in water treatment technologies. In this study, TiO2 nanoflower was synthesized for heavy metal removal from water, and magnetic properties were obtained by decorated Fe3O4 on it. The adsorption efficiency of the nanocomposite for nickel heavy metal was evaluated versus time. Adsorption efficiency was monitored with an ICPM device through samples taken at certain times and equilibrium was achieved within 4 hours. The nanomaterials were characterized by means of XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis.

Many factors such as population growth and the development of technological production cause domestic and industrial water demand to increase day by day. One of the most important production processes in the world is the textile products. In recent years, there has been growing interest in electrooxidation (EO) processes that convert pollutants into final intermediates or less toxic substances without the addition of secondary polluting chemicals. However, it is important to find easily accessible and inexpensive electrodes for EO techniques. In this study, industrial coke was used as a low-cost electrode material for efficient decolorization of the Reactive Orange 64 dye by the EO process in a fixed-bed reactor. The effect of different current densities (0.1-0.5 A), initial pH values (4-9), supported electrolyte type (NaCl, NaNO3, and Na2SO4), and supported electrolyte concentrations (1-4 g/L) were investigated. As a result, the TOC and RO 67 dye removal efficiency under optimum conditions (t = 50 mins, i = 0.5 A, initial pH = 7, and supported electrolyte 4 g NaCl/L) were found as 99.9 and 94.6%, respectively. Moreover, for the same conditions, energy consumption and total operating cost were calculated as 4.3 kWh/m3 and 0.7 US $/m3, respectively. These results show that using industrial coke has significant potential in the electrochemical oxidation process and superior performance in RO 67 dye removal.

The use of organic waste as an insulation material is an innovative approach that can solve both environmental and resource-saving problems. Agricultural by-products, food scraps, and natural fibers, among other organic waste, can be reused to develop sustainable insulation solutions.
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential for recycling peanut shell waste by developing a thermal insulation material using a composite resin with peanut shells added as a filler. The reinforcing effectiveness of natural fillers is influenced not only by their geometry but also by their chemical composition, including the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, proteins, and lipids. These components affect the material's degradation, hardness, rigidity, and adhesion to the chosen polymers. Therefore, chemical properties such as moisture content, fat content, fiber content and ash content are the most important factors to be considered and were determined as 5%, 1.8 %, 60%, 0.96%, respectively.
In this study, an insulating material was developed using crushed peanut shells, textile waste, and urea-formaldehyde resin. The prepared samples were tested in the laboratory to assess their thermal insulation, moisture resistance, and soundproofing properties. The results indicated that the material has low thermal conductivity, excellent moisture resistance, and effective noise insulation, making it a promising option for construction and building insulation applications.
Thus, the conducted research demonstrates the significant potential of peanut shells and other waste materials in the production of eco-friendly insulation materials. This approach not only contributes to waste reduction but also supports the development of cost-effective, efficient, and sustainable solutions suited to local needs.

Today, there is a great interest in studying the self-organization of nanoparticles on interphase (phase boundary). Synthesis in heterophase liquid systems, which consists of chemical processes occurring at the liquids interface, is of great interest, which is currently called interphase synthesis.There are many chemical methods for obtaining nanostructures on the interphase surface, but due to the existing advantages, each method also has a number of disadvantages. The proposed method for the sysnthesis of nanostructures using the total energy of the interphase surface and the energy of pulsed plasma can be an alternative method for preparing nanostructures on the interphase surface.Synthesis of nanoparticles is achieved by dispersing electrodes in a microemulsion obtained by high-speed mixing of benzene or toluene and distilled water using a magnetic stirrer at a rotation speed of 1500 to 3000 rpm. The energy of a single pulse is 0.04 J, the single pulse frequency is 70 Hz.Nanostructuring of zinc, aluminum and indium was carried out between two immiscible liquids: water-organic medium. Immiscible under normal conditions liquids water-benzene or water-toluene are capable of forming microemulsions when stirred intensively. Phase and electron microscopic analysis of the synthesized nanostructures were studied using modern physico-chemical techniques. Photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanorods and indium nanostructures was studied. Specific surface area and pore size of aluminum and aluminum oxide nanoparticles from microemulsion (water-benzene) were determined.

Abstract: This study was investigated the treatment of wastewater generated in the slaughterhouse of one of the largest poultry farms in Kyrgyzstan, which supplies over 60% of the country's total chicken meat and exports to foreign markets. Slaughterhouse wastewater is characterized by a high concentration of organic pollutants, resulting in a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of approximately 6000 mg/L. This is primarily due to the presence of blood, fat, protein compounds, and other biological waste generated during poultry slaughter and initial processing.
Various treatment methods for poultry wastewater were employed in this study. The chemical coagulation (CC) process was conducted using iron (FeCl3) and aluminum suphate (Al2(SO4)3) as coagulants, facilitating the precipitation of solid particles and partial purification of the water. COD removal efficiency by CC from this wastewater were ~20-30%. With the electrocoagulation (EC) process using iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) electrodes was also performed under process conditions of 3.0 A for 5 hours, and COD removal efficiency of this process was obtained as 40-60% for Al and Fe anodes. Then, the electrooxidation (EO) process using a boron-doped diamond (BBD) electrodes was treated, and demonstrating the highest COD efficiency under process conditions of 3.5–4.0 A for 4–5 hours. This treatment reduced the COD to 700–800 mg/L, meeting regulatory standards and significantly improving the quality of the treated water. Thus, all examined treatment methods effectively reduced wastewater contamination levels, with electrooxidation proving to be the most efficient among them.

Abstract: Beer production plant wastewater causes highly polluted wastewater to emerge, which is characterized by high concentrations of organic compounds and various contaminants. Due to the complex composition of brewery wastewater, the development of efficient purification methods is crucial. The data indicate that the wastewater is highly contaminated, rendering conventional treatment methods ineffective. One of these processes is electrooxidation (EO). EO has been identified as a promising technique for the degradation of organic pollutants, utilizing an electric current without the addition of chemical reagents.
In this study, wastewater from a beer production plant was treated using the electrooxidation process under laboratory conditions. The effects of electrode type, treatment time, electrolyte concentration and applied electrical current on the treatment of these wastewaters with the EO process were investigated. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and other pollutants from wastewater was monitored by the process. The characterization of wastewater are as follows total hardness of 300 mg/L, electrical conductivity of 600 μm/cm, and COD of ~25,000 mg/L. Over 95% COD removal (effluent COD of <1000 mg/L) was achieved under optimum conditions (applied current = 5 A, EO time = 5 hour, anode type = boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode, and amount of electrolyte = 3 g NaCl/0.8 L wastewater. The findings demonstrate that EO process is an effective method for removing organic pollutants from brewery wastewater, thereby mitigating its environmental impact.

Modern artificial intelligence and neural network technologies are increasingly being used in the educational process, including in teaching physics. Neural network technologies allow you to personalize the learning process, adapting the material to the level of knowledge of each student, as well as automate knowledge verification and analyze typical errors. They are widely used in the creation of virtual laboratories, interactive simulations of physical phenomena and intellectual tutors, which makes learning more visual and accessible. However, along with the advantages, there are also challenges: the need for high-quality data to train models, the risk of reducing the role of a teacher, and issues of academic integrity. Despite this, the introduction of neural network technologies into education opens up new perspectives, increasing the effectiveness of learning and facilitating the development of complex physical concepts.

In this study, we investigate the traveling wave solutions of the Fokas equation, a notable member of the nonlinear partial differential equation family, using the Auxiliary Equation Method. By employing an appropriate wave transformation, the equation is reduced to an ordinary differential equation, facilitating the derivation of exact solutions. Through the systematic application of the Auxiliary Equation Method, we obtain a diverse set of solutions, including hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational function forms. The physical characteristics and dynamical behaviors of these solutions are further explored through graphical representations generated using Mathematica. The results reveal that the Fokas equation exhibits a rich spectrum of traveling wave structures under different parameter settings. This study underscores the efficiency of the Auxiliary Equation Method in handling nonlinear wave equations and provides a robust analytical framework for extending the investigation to other complex nonlinear models.

In this paper, we present a cancer model to study the complex interplay among stem cells, effectors cells, and tumor cells in the presence and absence of chemotherapy. We employed the novel fractal-fractional operator with a generalized Mittag-Leffler kernel to capture the non-local nature of cancer dynamics. The existence and uniqueness criteria of the fractal-fractional cancer model are derived. The stability analysis is performed in the Hyers-Ulam sense. The numerical experiment is performed to validate the theoretical results and examine the dynamic interaction among cells, the impact of chemotherapy, and various orders of fractal-fractional operators.

In this paper, a regularized asymptotics of the solution of a singularly perturbed Cauchy problem for a telegraph equation is constructed and finded numerical solution. Singularly perturbed telegraph equations, in our formulation, have not been paid attention to by researchers. This is due to the appearance of oscillating terms in the asymptotics.
We tried to find the asymptotic solution of the telegraph equation that arose in the study of obstacles to the propagation of electric signals and communication along conductors. In this case, since the problem involves a small parameter, we first regularized the equation using the methods of A.S. Lomov [7] and A.S. Omuraliev [8] and then found its asymptotic solution.
Consider the problem

Quantum computing stands poised to revolutionize multiple sectors, with finance, economics, and sustainability at the forefront of potential beneficiaries. This presentation explores the transformative applications of quantum algorithms in these fields. In finance, we discuss quantum-enhanced portfolio optimization, risk analysis, and fraud detection. For economics, we examine quantum approaches to complex market simulations and econometric modeling. In sustainability, we highlight quantum computing's role in optimizing resource allocation, improving climate models, and accelerating the discovery of new materials for clean energy. The presentation also addresses the challenges in implementing quantum solutions, including hardware limitations and error correction. Finally, we consider the ethical implications and potential societal impacts of deploying quantum technologies in these critical areas, providing a balanced view of the promises and pitfalls of this emerging computational paradigm.

In this study, we investigate numerical solutions of the variable-order fractional mobile–immobile advection–dispersion model in the Caputo sense using the collocation finite element method. The fractional-order time derivative and the classical-order space derivative are discretized using the \L1 algorithm and the Crank–Nicolson approach, respectively. An approximate solution is then constructed with the help of trigonometric cubic B-splines and time-dependent parameters, converting the discretized equation into a linear system of algebraic equations. Solving this system yields the numerical results and the associated errors in the \L_2 and \L_\infty norms. Additionally, comparison tables are presented to evaluate the results against those obtained with other methods. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated through some examples. These results indicate that the proposed method is both efficient and accurate.
[1] M. M. Meerschaert , C. Tadjeran, Finite difference approximations for two-sided space-fractional partial differential equations. Appl Numer Math 2006;56:80-90 .
[2] S. B. Yuste, L. Acedo, An explicit finite difference method and a new von neu- mann-type stability analysis for fractional diffusion equations, SIAM J Numer Anal 2005;42:1862-74.
[3] Q. Yang , I. Turner , F. Liu , Analytical and numerical solutions for the time and space-symmetric fractional diffusion equation. ANZIAM J 20 08;50:80 0-14 .
[4] H. Zhang et al., A novel numerical method for the time variable fractional order mobile--immobile advection--dispersion model, Computers \& Mathematics with Applications 66.5 (2013): 693-701.
[5] Z. Liu, L. Xiaoli, A Crank--Nicolson difference scheme for the time variable fractional mobile--immobile advection—dispersion equation, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 56.1 (2018): 391-410.
[6] M. Yang, L. Lijie, W. Leilei , Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Variable-Order Fractional Mobile-Immobile Advection-Dispersion Equation, Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 65.2 (2025): 308-319.

Today, excessive consumption and environmental pollution are among the most important threats to the lives of future generations. Sustainable development aims to leave a livable world for future generations by preventing the unconscious consumption of resources. Therefore, sustainable development is of vital importance for the future of humanity. It addresses economic, social and environmental factors together for a more just and livable world in order to meet the needs of today and the future. In this context, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 2015. It foresees the achievement of 17 main goals globally by 2030. One of these goals is related to reducing the environmental impacts of energy production and consumption and ensuring access to energy for everyone. The success of this goal, known as Goal 7- Affordable and Clean Energy, is critical for increasing welfare. In this context, a panel consisting of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan was considered in the study between 2000-2022. The socio-economic factors affecting the Goal 7 score in the Turkish Republics were determined with panel quantile regression analysis. The independent variables consist of economic growth, population growth rate, information and communication technologies, trade openness and government expenditures. The findings show that while population growth rate and trade openness have positive effects on Goal 7- Affordable and Clean Energy, economic growth, information and communication technologies and government expenditures have negative effects. For the success of Goal 7 – Affordable and Clean Energy in the Turkic Republics, green growth strategies should be adopted, trade openness should be increased, information and communication technologies should be integrated with energy efficiency, and government spending should be directed towards renewable energy.

This study addresses the solution of a first-order partial differential equation containing a small parameter that leads to boundary layer behavior, rendering classical solution methods ineffective. To tackle this, we employ asymptotic expansion techniques enhanced by boundary layer corrections. The problem involves an initial-boundary value formulation where the differential operator contains a small coefficient multiplying the time derivative. As this parameter approaches zero, sharp gradients develop near the domain boundaries. To regularize the problem, we introduce new stretched variables that separate the boundary layer dynamics from the smooth part of the solution. The solution is then expressed as a series expansion in powers of the small parameter, and each term is obtained by solving simplified subproblems that are well-posed and compatible with the original initial and boundary conditions. Special functions are used to accurately capture the rapid variations near the boundaries. The proposed method offers a systematic way to approximate solutions of singularly perturbed problems and provides insight into their structure, with potential applications in various fields where multiscale phenomena are present.

This study employs the modified Extended Direct Algebraic Method (m-EDAM) to generate and assess propagating solutions for fractional partial differential equations (FPDE) via the first integral approach, which includes Caputo’s fractional derivatives. The increasing population sizes, reaction-diffusion processes, and mathematical biology are three areas of research in which FPDE is crucial across several academic fields. By employing these solutions to transform the FPDE into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (NODE), the proposed m-EDAM identifies a substantial number of traveling singular solutions. These independent answers elucidate the propagation mechanisms of the FPDE model. Moreover, our work produced several state graphical representations that facilitate the identification and analysis of the propagation processes of the observed solid solutions, including shock and kink solidifying agents.

In controlling many real processes, the implementation of frequent changes in the values of control actions is either associated with great difficulties in implementation or is completely impossible. Therefore, from a practical point of view, there is a need to study optimal control problems on given classes, for example, on classes of piecewise constant, piecewise linear and other control actions. Various other aspects of optimal control on the class of piecewise linear functions have been studied by many authors [1–3].
In the article, the minimization problem is investigated of piecewise linear functional in non-linear optimization of oscillation processes described by Fredholm integro-differential equations. An algorithm has been developed for constructing a generalized solution to boundary value problem that describes the oscillation processes. Using the maximum principle for systems with distributed parameters, optimality conditions are determined in the form of equality and inequality.

This work is devoted to investigating the inverse problem of determining the right-hand side for a one-dimensional linear differential pseudoparabolic equation of fourth order with an initial and homogeneous boundary conditions, and overdetermination conditions. The inverse problem reduces to system of Volterra linear integral equations of the second kind using integral equations method and Green function. The sufficient conditions of existence and uniqueness solution of the inverse problem are received.

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are now widely applied in fields such as education, healthcare, finance, biology, programming, and translation. The history of AI dates back to the 1950s with Alan Turing's article "Can Machines Think?" Since the 2010s, AI development has rapidly accelerated. OpenAI released models like ChatGPT-2 (2019), ChatGPT-3 (2020), and DALL·E (2021), which contributed to the global "AI boom." Today, AI is a powerful tool that supports human activity and improves productivity and efficiency.
This study explores the application of AI in mathematics education, examining its benefits and limitations, as well as effective ways to use current AI tools in teaching. Various AI-based programs were tested to support teachers and make lessons more engaging. Solutions to mathematical problems — including differential equations, trigonometric and logical tasks — were analyzed. Teacher-created problems were compared with AI-generated solutions, and their similarities and differences were discussed.
To assess the current state, opportunities, and challenges of AI in teaching mathematics in Kyrgyzstan, a survey was conducted among 196 mathematics teachers from public and private schools. The questionnaire, created via Google Forms, included 23 questions across two sections. Collected responses were analyzed using Jamovi 2.6.26 software. Descriptive-analytical, comparative, and analytical methods were used to analyze the collected data.

The work is devoted to calculation of the mathematical model of filtration-reabsorption processes in capillaries. Blood flow through the circulatory system is accompanied by filtration-reabsorption processes of liquid in capillaries. It is known that the intercellular space contains water and salt solutions. Under normal conditions, the equilibrium between the volumes of filtration and reabsorption fluid is maintained. When hemodynamic factors that determine this equilibrium change, the volume of filtration fluid may exceed the volume of reabsorption fluid, which becomes the cause of tissue edema. In filtration-reabsorption processes, the direction and speed of fluid movement depends on the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure of the fluid in the tissue and in the capillary, as well as on the pore size of the capillary walls and the viscosity of the fluid. Using the known mathematical model and applying Smath Studio program, it is possible to calculate the influence of changes in the above hemodynamic parameters on filtration and reabsorption processes in capillaries and to analyze this phenomenon.
Thus, the use of the mathematical model allowed us to carry out a numerical experiment to study the influence of hemodynamic parameters on filtration and reabsorption processes. Calculation of the value of the coefficient determining the proportion of fluid retained in the intercellular space shows that with increasing hydrostatic pressure, falling oncotic pressure and increasing pore size there is an increase in this coefficient, which leads to tissue edema.

Consider the Cauchy problem for a system of ordinary differential equations with a small parameter:
\begin{equation}
L_\varepsilon u(x,\varepsilon) \equiv \varepsilon u'(x) + A(x)u(x) = f(x), \quad x \in (0,1], \quad u(0,\varepsilon) = u^0 \tag{1}
\end{equation}
under the following assumptions: the matrix $A(x) \in C^\infty\left([0,1], \mathbb{C}^{n \times n}\right)$ is positive definite, and $f(x) \in C^\infty\left([0,1], \mathbb{C}^n\right)$.

Let us perform an extension of problem (1) by introducing the regularizing variable $\xi = \frac{x}{\varepsilon}$ and then we obtain the extended problem:
\begin{equation}
\widetilde{L}\varepsilon \widetilde{u}(x,\xi,\varepsilon) \equiv \varepsilon \partial_x \widetilde{u} + \partial\xi \widetilde{u} + A(x)\widetilde{u} = f(x), \quad (x,\xi) \in \Omega, \quad \widetilde{u}(0,0,\varepsilon) = u^0. \tag{2}
\end{equation}

Ensuring efficient service and security in computer networks is one of the main issues in facilitating data exchange and communication. Over time, with the increasing usage, congestion and security issues may arise in computer networks. Even in local area networks (LANs) that use FastEthernet technology, this issue can occur. Therefore, this paper provides information about the advantages of using Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) technology to solve such problems in local networks.

Competition in today’s business and production world leads the companies to generate schedules that increase productivity and decrease manufacturing cost. However, most of the schedules cannot be executed exactly because of the unexpected disruptions such as machine breakdowns, order cancellations and so forth. In order to develop disruption resistant schedules, robust scheduling subject has gained interest among researchers.

In this study, we consider a parallel machine environment with processing time uncertainty. The performance measure is taken as the completion time of the last job. The uncertainty is modeled by discrete set of scenarios. An integer programming model that can handle small problems is proposed. We observe that this model cannot manage large problems. To alleviate this difficulty, we propose to decrease number of scenarios selected for model. Next, we apply dual decomposition method in order to solve many smaller problems rather than a large problem. Large problems cannot be handled by this method either. This is why; we alter dual decomposition method by relaxing and develop a new heuristic. Also we propose a hybrid tabu search algorithm to solve the large problems.

The results show that, the proposed heuristics; selecting scenario approach and tabu search algorithm perform well for the parallel machine scheduling problems.

Following Kyrgyzstan's declaration of independence on 31 August 1991, Turkey became the first country to recognize its sovereignty on 16 December 1991. This significant diplomatic step was soon followed by the adoption of initial legal regulations to formalize bilateral relations, laying the groundwork for diplomatic, economic, and cultural cooperation. This study examines the earliest legal frameworks that shaped the political, military, economic, and social relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan. Among these, the Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, signed in Ankara on 23 December 1991, established the legal foundation for bilateral relations. In the early months of 1992, diplomatic relations progressed rapidly, leading to a series of agreements aimed at supporting Kyrgyzstan's development. Key agreements signed in 1992 included: Agreement on Economic and Commercial Cooperation, Agreement on Cooperation in Education, Culture, and Scientific Fields and Agreement on the Mutual Promotion and Protection of Investments Additionally, a mutual visa exemption for citizens of both countries was introduced through an agreement signed on 3 March 1992. In the field of education, the establishment process of the Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University began in 1995 in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan's capital. Regarding military and security cooperation, the Defense Industry Cooperation Agreement signed in 1993 facilitated military training and joint exercises. Furthermore, agreements were made in areas such as tourism, transportation, and communications. These steps collectively formed the basis for strategic cooperation between the two countries and shaped the key dynamics of Turkey-Kyrgyzstan relations

Wireless positioning systems are essential enablers for modern applications such as smart city services, indoor navigation, autonomous systems, and industrial automation. However, accurate location estimation remains a complex challenge, particularly in environments affected by non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions and multipath effects, or where infrastructure is limited. This talk presents a journey through innovative wireless positioning solutions—from multi-base station geometric models to hybrid multipath-aware approaches using a single base station. The first part of the presentation highlights the development of a geometry-based positioning framework using the Multiple Linear Lines of Position (MLOP) technique in WiMAX MIMO systems. This method significantly improves accuracy by integrating spatial diversity and is further enhanced with Virtual Base Stations (VirBS) to reduce GDOP in NLOS scenarios. The second part introduces a hybrid method using Time of Arrival (TOA) and Direction of Arrival (DOA) information from a single MIMO base station. The use of beamforming, angle estimation, and simulation of virtual sources enables a practical, low-complexity solution. The final segment highlight a cutting-edge Single Base Station (SMBS) approach that leverages multipath reflections and MIMO diversity to estimate positions with minimal infrastructure. The talk concludes with future directions including AI-enhanced models, cooperative positioning, and integration with emerging wireless technologies like 5G and UWB. These innovations aim to make high-precision, scalable wireless positioning systems a reality across diverse environments.

The role of geotechnical engineering investigations in managing land subsidence and sinkholes is highly significant. Recently, various countries have been facing diverse challenges related to land subsidence and sinkholes. These phenomena can damage infrastructure, heritage sites, historical buildings, and other structures. Additionally, they play an important role in anthropology by helping us understand the social, cultural, and economic factors behind such occurrences.
Geotechnical engineering is crucial for site investigation, monitoring, and implementing various ground improvement techniques. Making sound decisions requires considering multiple parameters, factors, and information to find the best solutions during crises. This paper presents a review of the current situation regarding land subsidence and sinkholes as emerging challenges for engineering societies. The first part examines the current state of these issues, while the second
part evaluates the role of geotechnical engineering in their management, monitoring, and mitigation.

ABSTRACT
Miniature art, especially in a culturally rich civilization such as the Ottoman period, is an official bibliography that shows the history, culture, lifestyle, aesthetic values ​​of that period and also provides invaluable information from daily life to social structure to the present day. The depictions in miniature art generally offer us a visual record of the cultural heritage in areas such as palace life, hunting, wedding ceremonies, as well as the clothing, architecture, food culture, music and entertainment of the period.
The food culture of the Ottomans, which created a special cuisine with the transition from a nomadic life to a settled life, is reflected in miniatures. In the miniatures of the Ottoman period, the kitchen and table manners of the sultan and the palace people, the items used in food, the characteristics of the tables set at weddings and festivities, and many other information about which foods were most commonly found can be accessed from the official records and miniatures that have survived to the present day.
The palace cuisine of the Ottoman state not only reflects the magnificence of the period, but also creates a rich culinary culture with the gradual expansion of the empire and the unification of different cultures. Information will be provided on the characteristics of miniatures that carry to the present day much information about the kitchen and table manners of the sultan and the palace people in Ottoman period miniatures, the features of the tables set at weddings and festivals, as well as the items used food, and the foods that were most commonly found as food. Soup is among the main dishes. Similarly, meat dishes (especially lamb), desserts, sherbets, and pastries have a special place the tables set. This compilation study will reveal the reflection of Ottoman culinary culture on miniatures.

Our foods are generally subjected to heat treatment immediately before their consumption. It is known that appropriate heat treatment of foods prior to consumption generally improves the sensory properties, increases digestibility and ensures microbial safety of foods. However, heat treatment of proteinous foods can result in the formation of heat treatment toxicants such as heterocyclic aromatic amines. Heterocyclic aromatic amines are mutagenic and/or carcinogenic compounds that can be formed as a result of heat treatment of protein-rich foods such as meat and fish. Heterocyclic aromatic amines can be formed either by the reaction of free amino acids, creatine, creatinine and hexoses during the cooking of foods at conventional cooking temperatures (150-300°C) or by the pyrolytic reaction of amino acids and proteins at higher temperatures above 300°C. The formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines is influenced by various factors such as food type and composition, cooking temperature, time, cooking method and technique, presence of precursors in the foods such as creatine, creatinine, free amino acids, sugars. Understanding the chemistry and formation of HAAs is crucial to developing effective ways to prevent their occurrence in foods and protect human health. Therefore, this study reviewed an overview of HAAs, including their formation pathways, the factors that influence their formation, their adverse health effects, the analytical methods used to measure them, and the proposals to reduce their formation.

Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) is a significant source of vitamin C and phenolic compounds. It contains micronutrients, macronutrients, organic and fatty acids. Gilaburu has anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties due to the acids it contains. However, foods are vulnerable to spoilage due to their high water content and organic substances. Drying reduces water content, preventing spoilage and allowing for preservation. Freeze drying involves freezing the product to be dried and then sublimating the water under low pressure. This method preserves heat-sensitive compounds, color and flavor in food products. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the drying kinetics of freeze-dried gilaburu juice and to determine the most appropriate model describing the system. Moisture content, water soluble dry matter, titratable acidity, total phenolic matter, vitamin C, and color were also analyzed in fresh and powdered gilaburu juice. During the process in the lyophilizer, the weight of the samples spread in 2-mm thick petri dishes was measured at 30 min intervals. The time to reach equilibrium moisture content of the dried samples was determined to be as 750±0 min, according to the drying kinetics graphs. It was observed that the decrease in the free moisture content of the dried samples was rapid until 360 minutes and then this decrease slowed down. The compatibility of 7 different models to describe the drying process was tested and the diffusion approximation model was found to be the best model to describe the system. The moisture content of the samples decreased from 84.67±0.47% to 6.66±0.22%. There were no statistical differences between the total phenolic content of fresh gilaburu juice and gilaburu juice powder; nevertheless, a decrease in vitamin C content was observed. Hue angle and chroma values were 19.94±1.78-29.57±3.03 and 14.41±0.34-31.75±0.81 for fresh and powder samples, respectively, while ΔE value was 38.88±1.09 between the samples.

New Opportunities for Students and Educators 3D modeling is a highly demanded skill in gaming, film, architecture, and design. Many educational institutions face challenges such as limited resources, a shortage of qualified instructors, and high entry barriers for beginners. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers innovative solutions to enhance the learning process.
This paper explores how AI can simplify 3D modeling education with Autodesk Maya, one of the leading tools in digital graphics. AI-powered features like action suggestions, error correction, and text-to-model generation streamline learning, reduce the workload for educators, and make the process more engaging for students.
A case study at Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University highlights the creation of instructional materials in the Kyrgyz language, covering all stages, from scripting to producing video lessons.
Additionally, a workshop is being developed to train educators and students in video production, enhancing their skills and enriching their educational experiences. AI-driven tools not only simplify mastering complex software but also inspire creativity and confidence in students, preparing them for careers in the evolving digital industry. This integration of AI into education represents a transformative step toward inclusive and modern learning environments.

The main aim of this paper is to investigate a nonlinear HIV/AIDS epidemic model. The effect of sexual transmission is involved which later results in AIDS. The fixed points of the model are obtained and their local and global stability analysis is carried out. The existence and uniqueness of qualitative results are presented. We develop a numerical scheme for the proposed HIV/AIDS epidemic system. The developed method is utilized to demonstrate the efficiency of the model for numerical results. This study plays a key role in controlling infectious factors in epidemic problems. This research provides a robust foundation for understanding HIV/AIDS system dynamics, with implications for public health policies, healthcare resource allocation, and HIV therapy advancements. This study could lead to better patient outcomes and the creation of more potent HIV treatments by deepening our understanding of the intricate dynamics of HIV/AIDS.

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health concern, particularly due to its progression to liver-related complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we present a compartmental transmission model that captures the dynamics of chronic HBV infection by incorporating key biological and clinical factors, including antiviral treatment, vaccination, and natural immunity. The population is structured into four compartments: susceptible, infected, chronic, and recovered individuals. The model accounts for disease transmission, progression from acute to chronic infection, vaccination effects, recovery due to immune response, and mortality due to both natural causes and infection. We determine Disease-Free Equilibrium (DFE) and Endemic Equilibrium (EE) and examine their stability under different epidemiological conditions. Through mathematical analysis, we explore the dynamical behavior of the system and derive the role of antiviral treatment and immune response in reducing the burden of chronic infection. Preliminary results suggest that enhancing both treatment and natural immunity significantly contributes to lowering the chronic HBV prevalence. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to illustrate the impact of varying treatment and immunity parameters on the long-term dynamics of the disease. This model provides a framework for evaluating public health interventions and guiding policy decisions in HBV control strategies.

In this talk, a telegraph equation describing the behavior of electrical signals in transmission lines is considered. First-, second-, and third-order of accuracy difference schemes are presented for numerical solutions of the equation. Numerical solutions are computed by using these difference schemes with MATLAB implementation. The error analysis is performed.

In this paper, a new integral transform, called the modified Laplace integral transform, is introduced and some of its basic properties are presented. Moreover, the modified Laplace integral transform of some special functions and fractional operators are calculated. Furthermore, solutions of various fractional differential equations are obtained with the help of this new integral transform and approximate behavior graphs are shown. Finally, to facilitate its use in various fields of science such as mathematics and engineering, a table of the modified Laplace integral transform is given.

In this study,we introduce the subclasses and
defined by generalized Salagean operator Coefficients
estimates for the function belong to class and distortion
theorems are given. By making use of the familiar concept of neighborhoods
of analytic functions is defined the neighborhoods of functions in the class

In this talk, we explore fractal calculus as a natural and powerful generalization of classical calculus, extending differential and integral operators to functions defined on fractal sets. This generalized framework preserves the core principles of ordinary calculus while adapting them to spaces with non-integer dimensions and irregular geometry. We introduce the foundations of fractal calculus, including fractal derivatives and integrals, and demonstrate how classical concepts—such as the chain rule, product rule, and fundamental theorems—are extended to fractal domains. This talk aims to show how fractal calculus offers new tools for analyzing complex systems where traditional calculus falls short, positioning it as a unifying extension of the classical theory.

This paper presents the development of a three-species food web model using interactions in diseased predator-prey dynamics. The model considers two types of prey populations: susceptible and diseased, both of which are assumed to grow logistically in the absence of predators. We examine the effect of fear on susceptible prey due to infected prey. In Beddington-de-Angelis-type relationships, we assume that the predator is interdependent regardless of whether the predator is searching for prey or handling prey. The model also incorporates the harvesting of both susceptible and infected prey. We establish the existence of all potential equilibrium points within the biological system and examine them for their local and global stability. Additionally, we explore a Hopf-bifurcation analysis associated with the harvesting rate (h1). We present numerical simulations to understand the complex interactions between predators and prey and to explain some of the observed phenomena.

Chaos theory and its possible applications have attracted an increasing number of academics over the last forty years, particularly from the mathematical, physical, and engineering disciplines. Specifically, there has been a recent uptick in the interest in studying 4D chaotic systems that include both hidden and coexisting attractor types. In this study, we captured the system's non-locality by generalizing the standard 4D chaotic model with the non-local impact. The system's well-posedness has been verified by studying its boundedness. Furthermore, the stability analysis confirms that the system is unstable. More specifically, we show how to use Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation parameter analysis to determine the optimal range for a system's level of chaos. Using Picard's operator, we investigated the existence and uniqueness of the solutions and showed that the system under consideration had two unstable equilibrium points. The system's chaotic behavior is depicted in figures that demonstrate the presence of two-wing attractors, four-wing attractors, and coexisting attractors, as the considered model is nonlinear. Fractional Euler's method is employed for the numerical simulations and a specific set of parameters.

Solid waste management is a major challenge in many developing nations due to grow-
ing waste production, high management costs that pressure local budgets, and a lack of
knowledge about the links and factors influencing the several stages of waste manage-
ment systems. Among the primary issues is Open Defecation (OD). The Indian govern-
ment established the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) to eradicate it. This study examines
how population growth, expenditure, and toilet construction contribute to creating Open
Defecation Free (ODF) cities, a significant mission component. Using deterministic and
fractional modeling approaches, this work offers a comprehensive analysis. Our models
are validated by the fractional and deterministic systems’ mathematical well-posedness.
Numerical simulations demonstrate how the model matches the actual data and forecasts
the values of the key variables. When these crucial components are understood and ob-
jectively analyzed, most cities can better accomplish the mission’s primary goal, the ODF
city. Additionally, the current study can contribute to the attainment of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) of ”Clean water and sanitation” and ”Good health and well-
being.”

Ethyl lactate is a biodegradable and non-toxic green compound used in various applications in the chemical industry. Ethyl lactate is known as a green solvent and is used in a wide variety of applications such as sweetener and food additive in the food industry, essence solvent in perfumery, paint and graffiti remover, cosmetics and personal care, packaging and printing ink, pharmaceutical industry, surface coating processes and electronics industry. Ethyl lactate and water are formed by the esterification reaction of ethanol and lactic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst. Ethyl lactate is a very light-yellow liquid that can be easily mixed in water. This reaction is an equilibrium reaction.

As a result of this study, Matlab optimization toolbox was used for the optimization of the simulation model created in Aspen to produce ethyl lactate that does not harm the environment with high efficiency and low cost. For this purpose, first, the production of Ethyl Lactate in the Aspen environment was modeled as a reactive distillation production system, unlike the traditional production method (including separated reactor and two or more distillation columns). In the optimization algorithm, parameters such as molar flow rates of reactants, location of feed points in reactive distillation, number of shelves, inlet temperature of reactants, column pressure, reflux ratio and boiler heating load were selected as variables. As a result, the results obtained from the optimization were compared with literature data, and it was shown that high efficiency production could be achieved with fewer stages and heat loads.

The Klein-Fock-Gordon equation (KFGE), defined as the equation of relativistic wave related to NLEEs, has numerous implications for energy particle physics and is useful as a model for several types of matter, with deviation in the basic stuffs of particles and in crystals. In this work, the analytical technique is used for finding the solution of this KFGE. The proposed method successfully extracts trigonometric, hyperbolic and soliton solutions. Some of the obtained solutions are visualized to understand the wave profile and dynamic behavior of the solutions.

In this study, we focus on the mathematical modeling of chemical kinetics, particularly on irreversible consecutive reactions, where the reaction products do not revert to their original reactants. Compared to other reaction mechanisms, modeling consecutive reactions poses greater analytical challenges due to their multistep and time-dependent nature. These types of reactions are frequently encountered in various real-life processes such as polymerization, radioactive decay, ethanol metabolism in the human body, hydrocarbon chlorination, and thermal cracking.

The primary aim of this research is to formulate and analytically solve the system of differential equations governing such reactions by employing the M-fractional derivative, a relatively recent generalization in the field of fractional calculus. The solutions are obtained via the M-fractional Laplace transform method, which enables the treatment of various fractional orders 𝛼 and reaction rate constants in a unified framework. The effects of different fractional orders and kinetic parameters are examined in detail through both analytical expressions and graphical illustrations. The results highlight the efficiency and applicability of the M-fractional modeling approach in capturing the dynamics of irreversible consecutive reactions in chemical kinetics.

This paper is devoted to the investigation of soft Lie hypergroup, which combines the foundational aspects of Lie hypergroups with the parameterization and uncertainty-handling capabilities of soft set theory. The soft set theory, originally introduced to handle imprecise or uncertain information, is utilized here to introduce variability and parameterization into the operation of hypergroups. This approach allows for the creation of an algebraic system capable of accommodating the inherent vagueness and complexity often found in real-world applications, where precise data or clear-cut boundaries are not always available. The resulting soft Lie hypergroup provides a richer and more adaptable structure compared to classical Lie hypergroups. Several representative examples are constructed to illustrate the behavior and utility of soft Lie hypergroups in both abstract and concrete cases. Also, the category of soft Lie hypergroups is constructed. The formulation of this category facilitates a systematic approach to understanding the morphisms between different soft Lie hypergroups and establishes a foundational framework for further categorical investigations into the properties of soft algebraic structures. Finally, the study explores essential substructures, such as soft sub-hypergroups providing a detailed analysis of their properties. Through its novel approach, this paper contributes to the advancement of soft algebraic theory, providing a comprehensive foundation for future investigations and applications. The work encourages further study into the interplay between soft set theory, Lie theory and hypergroup theory.

This study focuses on the existence and uniqueness of solutions for multi-point boundary value problems involving differential equations with ψ-Caputo fractional derivatives. In recent years, fractional differential equations have attracted significant interest due to their ability to model various complex phenomena in physics, engineering, economics, and biology more accurately than classical integer-order models. In this context, the ψ-Caputo fractional derivative, which generalizes many classical fractional operators, is combined with the nonlinear p-Laplacian operator to examine a specific class of boundary value problems.
The study begins by presenting fundamental definitions, lemmas, and theorems related to fractional calculus, particularly those involving the ψ-Caputo derivative and the ψ-Riemann–Liouville integral. Subsequently, a multi-point boundary value problem governed by a p-Laplacian ψ-Caputo fractional differential equation is formulated. This problem is reduced to an equivalent integral equation by utilizing the intrinsic properties of fractional operators.
To establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions, two classical fixed point theorems—Banach’s Fixed Point Theorem and Schaefer’s Fixed Point Theorem—are applied under suitable assumptions. The necessary conditions for the existence of a solution are rigorously derived. Additionally, uniqueness is guaranteed by demonstrating the formation of a contraction mapping within the proposed framework.
To illustrate the applicability of the theoretical findings, two example problems are presented, showing that the proposed method yields valid and meaningful solutions. This study contributes to the ongoing research in fractional differential equations by providing analytical tools to solve multi-point boundary value problems involving nonlinear operators and fractional derivatives. Furthermore, it emphasizes the power and flexibility of fixed point theory in the field of fractional analysis.

In our study, the tanh method was considered and applied to a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes a physical phenomenon. By applying the method to the equation, six different solution families were obtained, and the solutions were expressed in terms of hyperbolic functions. By assigning values to the arbitrary constants in the obtained solutions, 3D, 2D, and contour graphs were plotted. The physical interpretation of the graphs was conducted, and comments were made regarding wave motions. As a result, it was observed that the proposed method is effective and suitable for finding solutions to the equation. Our findings are applicable in fields such as physics and engineering.

This study searches the geometric and structural characteristics of almost plastic pseudo-Riemannian manifolds, placing particular emphasis on the three-dimensional scenario. It investigates the interaction between an almost plastic structure and a pseudo-Riemannian metric, aiming to characterize thoroughly the conditions that define pure metric plastic P-Kählerian manifolds. In this framework, the associated fundamental tensor field not only exhibits symmetry but also serves as an alternative pure metric, enriching the underlying geometry.
One of the main results involves establishing the necessary and sufficient conditions for the integrability of the plastic structure, formulated through a system of partial differential equations. These conditions are governed by a specific scalar function that depends on a single variable. Additionally, the paper derives criteria for when an almost pure metric plastic pseudo-Riemannian manifold can be regarded as a pure metric plastic P-Kählerian manifold.
The research further examines the behavior of the Riemannian curvature tensor, showing that it becomes null under certain constraints, while the scalar curvature is shown to vanish when a particular polynomial condition is fulfilled. The study also extends to the analysis of vector fields, identifying the precise circumstances in which such fields constitute Killing vector fields or exhibit Ricci soliton behavior.
Special attention is given to three-dimensional Walker manifolds, with a detailed discussion on the necessary conditions for vanishing scalar curvature, the existence of Killing vector fields, and Ricci soliton configurations. Overall, this work contributes to the broader understanding of differential geometry by offering new insights into the intricate relationship between almost plastic structures and pseudo-Riemannian metrics.

Nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative tool in the field of vaccinology, particularly as advanced vaccine adjuvants. Their unique physicochemical properties, such as high surface area-to-volume ratios, tunable surface chemistry, and controlled release capabilities, make them ideal candidates for enhancing immune responses. This presentation explores the diverse applications of nanomaterials, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and virus-like particles, in the development of next-generation vaccine adjuvants. These materials not only improve antigen stability and delivery but also modulate immune responses by targeting specific immune cells and pathways, thereby enhancing both humoral and cellular immunity. Furthermore, the ability of nanomaterials to act as intrinsic immunostimulants, coupled with their potential for multifunctionalization, positions them as a versatile platform for addressing challenges in vaccine development, such as improving efficacy in immunocompromised populations and enabling rapid response to emerging pathogens. This talk will highlight recent advancements, mechanistic insights, and clinical applications of nanomaterial-based adjuvants, underscoring their potential to revolutionize vaccine design and delivery in the fight against infectious diseases, cancer, and other global health challenges.

Nanoemulsions have emerged as a significant carrier system in the pharmaceutical and food industries by enhancing the solubility and stability of active compounds with low bioavailability. These systems hold great potential in improving the efficacy of natural antioxidants, particularly phenolic compounds and essential oils. The literature indicates that nanoemulsions formulated with jaboticaba (Plinia peruviana) extract, thyme essential oil, curcumin, catechins, and Nigella sativa L. enhance free radical scavenging capacity and reduce oxidative stress. Antioxidant assays such as DPPH and ABTS confirm the antioxidant effects of these systems. Beyond their antioxidant properties, the effects of nanoemulsions on cancer cells constitute a crucial research area. Studies have shown that these systems suppress cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, arrest the cell cycle, and inhibit metastasis. In vitro experiments conducted on prostate, colon, and breast cancer cell lines have demonstrated that nanoemulsions increase cellular toxicity and exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. This review examines the potential mechanisms through which nanoemulsions enhance antioxidant capacity and contribute to cancer treatment. Current research highlights nanoemulsions as a promising approach in targeted therapies. However, further validation through in vivo and clinical studies is required.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) currently poses a critical threat to global health and reduces the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. This situation has intensified the scientific community's focus on exploring alternative therapeutic approaches. Among these, interest in bacteriophages (phages) has significantly increased. The purpose of this presentation is to highlight the current role of bacteriophages, their advantages, and their position in combating antimicrobial resistance from both scientific and practical perspectives, and to raise awareness on the subject.
Phages stand out as safe and effective biocontrol agents due to their specificity in targeting only the intended bacteria and their natural origin. Recent advances in biotechnology have made it possible to genetically optimize phages, thereby enhancing their therapeutic effectiveness. Technologies such as CRISPR and metagenomic analysis have enabled phages to be tailored for specific targets and have been identified as promising methods for combating resistant strains. Various studies have shown that phage-antibiotic combinations offer more effective and resilient treatment protocols against bacterial infections. These combinations not only shorten treatment duration but also prevent the emergence of resistant bacterial populations. Phages are considered a promising option particularly against multidrug-resistant bacteria listed among the World Health Organization's priority pathogens.
Phages have a wide range of applications from veterinary medicine to food safety and are aligned with the One Health approach, which aims to protect human, animal, and environmental health collectively. However, to translate this potential into clinical applications, global support mechanisms should be established, and effective collaboration between research laboratories and clinical practices must be ensured. Additionally, the establishment and diversification of phage banks are of great importance in expanding therapeutic options

Green synthesis is an environmentally friendly method utilizing biological sources. The primary advantages of this method are its lack of requirement for stabilizers, high efficiency, and minimal chemical content. Nanomaterials produced through this method are biocompatible and can be easily purified. In this study, silver oxide (Ag₂O) nanoparticles were synthesized through green synthesis using the fruit of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia). After separating the seeds from the fruit, a pure extract was obtained through pressing and filtration. This extract was then reacted with AgNO₃ solution, and a biochemical reduction occurred, resulting in the formation of Ag₂O nanoparticles as Ag⁺ ions interacted with oxygen. The reaction was carried out under reflux at 85°C for 2 hours, and the nanoparticles were then washed with distilled water and ethanol, followed by drying at 60°C.
These nanoparticles were stored at room temperature for use in biomedical and nanotechnological applications. Under optimum conditions (pH 8, room temperature), the Bitter Melon extract was scanned spectrophotometrically in the range of 240–250 nm for 24 hours, and the formation of nanoparticles was completed. Thus, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Bitter Melon extract through the green synthesis method. The purified nanoparticles were first washed with water and then with ethanol to remove impurities. Characterization was then carried out using SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses. SEM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles had a spherical morphology. TEM analysis showed that the nanoparticles were homogeneous, spherical, and smaller than 10 nm.

This study investigates the performance of cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI₃)-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as the electron transport layer (ETL), copper barium tin sulfide (CBTS) as the hole transport layer (HTL), and nickel (Ni) as the back contact layer. CsPbI₃ was chosen for its exceptional photovoltaic properties, including a near-optimal bandgap of ~1.7 eV, high absorption coefficients, and superior charge carrier mobility, making it a promising candidate for achieving high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in PSCs. The objective of this study is to optimize the device performance by examining the effects of absorber layer thickness, doping density, and defect density on device efficiency using SCAPS-1D simulation software. The simulation results were compared with those from previous studies to evaluate performance trends and identify optimization strategies. The study also aims to assess the impact of interface defect layers on the overall device performance. Specifically, this work examines how these parameters influence the PCE and identifies the optimal conditions for achieving high-performance CsPbI₃-based PSCs. The SCAPS-1D simulation achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.17%, showing a 27% improvement compared to values reported in related simulation studies. These results demonstrate the potential of CsPbI₃ as a high-performance absorber layer and provide valuable insights for the further development and optimization of PSCs.

In physiological conditions, the interactions between blood platelets and endothelial cells play a major role in vascular reactivity and hemostasis. By contrast, increased platelet activation contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular pathology such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and carcinogenesis. Nanomedicine, including nano-diagnostics and nanotherapeutics is poised to be used in the management of vascular diseases. However, the inherent risk and potential toxicity resultant from the use of nanosized (˷ 100) materials need to be carefully considered. Also, stress oxidative, cells viability and ROS production were assessed. Respiratory electron chains function, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c, GSH, GSSG and ATP levels were investigated. Our results showed that membrane potential and integrity were seriously affect by in mitochondrial and lysosome organelles, and metabolic alteration through high lipid peroxidation, high GSSG levels, low GSH generation, and ROS over production with respiratory electron chain dysfunction can contribute to trigger a cascades of events that can be result to apoptosis and cell necrosis.

The organic nature and non-toxicity of nanomaterials prepared in the field of nanotechnology studies and synthesis and preparation of nanobiosynthetic therapeutics (especially in the pharmaceutical and health industries) are the first priority of pharmaceutical industry research. Accordingly, researchers in the field of nanomaterials are forced to produce environmentally friendly nanoparticles using enzymes, microscopic organisms, and especially plant extracts (due to ease of synthesis and extraction). The use of plant extracts in the synthesis of nanoparticles (phytosynthesis) can be an environmentally friendly method and a suitable alternative to conventional methods such as physical and chemical methods. Plants are considered suitable options for the production of nanoparticles by biological methods due to their abundance and lack of need for special conditions and nutrients for growth. The production of nanoparticles with high purity, particle size distribution and stability are other advantages of the synthesis of nanoparticles by phytosynthesis. The use of green nanotechnology, along with research on the use of clay minerals (such as montmorillonite), has led to the synthesis of plant-based nanocomposites based on nanoclay due to their valuable properties in the field of nanotechnology. Modifying and encapsulating optimized nanoclay with curcumin molecules is a very safe method without using any chemical compound in the production of herbal drug carriers based on nanoclay. Preparation and production of herbal therapeutic nanomaterials based on modified clays is a very new research in green nanotechnology research with herbal extracts (phytosynthesis) in the pharmaceutical industry.Safe and environmentally and organism-compatible mineral-plant antibacterial nanocomposites are a new and practical step in research to combat and prevent various diseases today. These produced nanocomposites, in addition to being functional, environmentally friendly and compatible with the body's metabolic system, have also been able to improve the disadvantages of the herbal extracts properties (Such as low solubility and rapid metabolism of curcumin). And also provide the transport and release of effective herbal medicine ingredients.

Over the past several decades, biomaterials have been extensively utilized in the field of medical science. They have successfully been used to replace various human body tissues such as bones, teeth, ligaments, tendons, and others. One of the primary challenges in utilizing biomaterials is the risk of immune rejection. In modern applications, long-term implants and bone replacements demand not only biocompatibility but also suitable biological and mechanical properties of the chosen biomaterial. Surface modification is widely used for enhancing material performance through surface alteration. Metallic biomaterials are prone to corrosion, and the release of corrosion by-products or wear particles into the body can cause inflammation or osteolysis. Additionally, their low surface hardness, high friction coefficient, and inadequate wear resistance limit their application in biomedical settings. Among metallic materials used in biomedical applications, titanium and its alloys exhibit the highest level of biocompatibility. However, they also come with certain limitations. Commercially Pure Titanium (Cp-Ti), for example, exhibit low mechanical strength, high Young's modulus, and poor wear resistance, which can hinder their effectiveness in medical use. Ti6Al4V, a commonly used titanium alloy for implants, suffers from similar drawbacks, including poor wear resistance and the potential release of toxic ions such as aluminum and vanadium into surrounding tissues. These ions can negatively affect osteointegration and may lead to localized inflammation. To address these issues, various hard ceramic coatings have been explored. Coatings such as titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) are known for their outstanding wear resistance, high hardness, and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. These coatings, in particular, are considered highly valuable for protective coatings due to their exceptional mechanical strength, chemical stability, corrosion and wear resistance, and biocompatibility.
Keywords: Biomaterials, biocompatibility, Coting, Titanium alloys.

The overproduction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been linked to the development of liver cancer. A series of compounds, including Azaspiro[3,4]octane-1-one and Arylpyrrole derivatives, were designed and synthesized for evaluation as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and for their anti-tubulin effects. Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of Azaspiro [3,4] octane-1-one and Arylpyrrole compounds on hepatocytes derived from the livers of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involves assessing their impact on mitochondrial function via reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated targeting. This study investigated HCC caused by exposure to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). Rat liver hepatocytes and mitochondria were isolated and evaluated for any potential anti-apoptotic and anti-HCC effects of Azaspiro [3,4]octane -1-one and Arylpyrrole compounds. The MTT assay results demonstrated that Azaspiro [3,4]octane -1-one and Arylpyrrole compounds caused selective cytotoxicity in the liver cells of the HCC group in a manner that depended on both the dose and the amount of time..Treatment of mitochondria from liver cancer cells with Azaspiro [3,4]octane -1-one and Arylpyrrole compounds resulted in a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and swelling, as well as the release of cytochrome c (P < 0.001), which occurred prior to cytotoxicity through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).. Azaspirooctane-1-one and Arylpyrrole compounds were also found to increase the activation of caspase-3, with statistically significant results achieved at P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively [3,4]. Results from flow-cytometry analysis showed that the primary mode of cell death caused by these compounds was apoptosis. Azaspiro [3,4] octane-1-one and Arylpyrrole compounds exhibited no toxicity toward normal liver cells and mitochondria. We propose that Azaspiro [3,4] octane -1-one and Arylpyrrole compounds serve as a suitable candidate for use as complementary therapeutic agents for treating HCC.

Aging, trauma, and fractures are a serious threat to the hard tissues. In this context, bone tissue engineering can play a role as a novel method to accelerate the repair of damaged bone tissue. Herein, to mimic the structure of bone tissue, we synthesized 3D-Printed Multiphasic nanocomposite scaffolds using an extrusion-based 3D bioprinter and bioactive glass nanoparticles. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from the bone marrow of rat femurs and verified by flow cytometry with CD34, CD44, CD45, and CD90 factors to in vitro primary cell culture. The printed scaffolds were further analyzed using FTIR, SEM, and contact angle measurement to evaluate their hydrophilicity and surface topography. Cell viability and scaffold cytotoxicity were evaluated using the MTT assay. The enzymatic effects of the bioprinted scaffolds on the stress oxidative pathway cells resulted in further low generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in mitochondrial and lysosome health. The low-level peroxidation of lipid causing cytochrome-c release along with low level reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutathione (GSH) levels were observed. The oxidative stress-induced interruption in the mitochondrial electron transport chain has been suggested as the mechanism describing the cellular toxicity pathway resulting in the cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) signaling. These results strongly suggest the designed scaffold demonstrates potential as an effective composite for bone tissue regeneration and engineering applications.

Due to the increase in research on nanotechnology, the need to produce and use materials with Nano metric dimensions has expanded significantly. The widespread use of nanoparticles in a wide range of different sciences (especially in the health and medical industries) makes it essential that these materials are free from harmful and polluting chemicals. Green nanotechnology can help minimize environmental concerns associated with the manufacture and use of nano-based materials and products. One aspect of this discussion is the use of microscopic organisms in nanotechnology, which can simultaneously solve the problems related to the synthesis of nanoparticles and their stabilization under mild conditions. Among microscopic organisms, bacteria have received more attention than other organisms due to their ease of work and the possibility of genetic manipulation. Another aspect of green nanotechnology is the use of enzymes in this technology. Some enzymes are nanometer-sized biocatalysts and have now found wide application in new fields such as pure chemical synthesis, removal of bio pollutants and in pharmaceuticals; however, the short life of enzymes has limited their use in this application. The use of plants as a sustainable and available source for the preparation of biocompatible nanoparticles has received much attention, and the advantages of this method include cheapness, non-toxicity, and the production of high-purity nanoparticles. In addition, nanoparticles produced in this way are more uniform in terms of particle size distribution and stability (have a homogeneous structure) than other methods. Lower cost, faster speed, large scale production and no threat to the environment are other advantages of using green technology. In recent years, the positive potential of producing various nanoparticles by biological methods with the help of bacteria, fungi and plants has been proven by various researches. In green nanotechnology, plant extracts are the most common materials for producing nanoparticles. These extracts can usually be extracted from plants by very simple methods (such as boiling). The ease of synthesis in preparing nanomaterials with green plant synthesis technology (phytosynthesis) is a very positive and practical aspect of modern nanotechnology for producing nanomaterials in various industries, especially medicine and pharmaceuticals.

With the advancement of science and the growing application of nanotechnology across various fields, particularly in medicine and pharmaceuticals, there is an increasing demand for the production and utilization of materials with nanoscale dimensions. However, existing physical and chemical techniques for synthesizing nanomaterials are often met with reluctance from researchers due to several drawbacks. These include the use of hazardous and radioactive substances, high costs, lengthy procedures, and, most critically, potential environmental hazards, especially in pharmaceutical and healthcare research. As a result, scientists are actively seeking safer alternatives that avoid these negative impacts. One such promising alternative is the biological approach, known as green synthesis, which has gained significant interest among researchers focused on nanomaterial production. Green synthesis is a clean, non-toxic, and eco-friendly method that utilizes biological entities such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and plants to produce nanoparticles. These biological systems offer a viable solution to the limitations associated with traditional physical and chemical methods, including instability of solutions, inconsistent particle sizes, nanoparticle impurities, high production costs, and reliance on sophisticated equipment. Given these challenges, there is a strong need for cost-effective, safe, and environmentally sustainable methods capable of producing high-quality nanoparticle, and green synthesis is rapidly emerging as a key solution.

The Clay minerals are one of the most abundant minerals on the Earth's surface, which has had a special place in various industries since ancient times. These minerals, due to their unique properties and extremely small size at the nano level, are still one of the most valuable widely used materials in nanotechnology and various industries such as medicine and pharmacy. The use of green nanotechnology, along with research on the use of clay minerals (such as montmorillonite), has led to the synthesis of plant-based nanocomposites on nano-clay due to their valuable properties in the field of nanotechnology. The use of green nanotechnology, along with research on the use of clay minerals (such as montmorillonite), has led to the synthesis of plant-based nanocomposites on nano-clay due to their valuable properties in the field of nanotechnology. Encapsulation of optimized nano-clay with curcumin molecules is a very safe method without using any chemical compound in the production of herbal drug carriers based on nano-clays. Synthesis and production of herbal therapeutic nanomaterials based on modified clays is a very modern in green nanotechnology research with herbal extracts (phyto-synthesis) in the pharmaceutical industry. Mineral-herbal antibacterial nanocomposites that are safe and compatible with the organs of the human body are a new and practical step in research to combat various diseases today. In addition, these medicinal nanocomposites do not have the side effects of chemical drugs, improve the extract of the effective herbal substance, and ensure the transport and release of the effective herbal drug substances.

Solar and wind energy systems are cheap, available, and environmentally friendly, as well as being recognized as an alternative energy source for the future. Solar-wind hybrid systems use two renewable energy sources simultaneously, which increases the efficiency and output power of the system and reduces the energy storage equipment for off-grid systems. Due to the development of this technology and, on the other hand, the increase in oil prices, solar-wind hybrid systems have become popular in many regions. This paper aims to investigate battery solar-wind hybrid systems and how to simulate, optimize, and control them in off-grid applications. According to the methods presented, this technology needs further study on output power control, efficiency, and how to combine it with other conventional energy sources.