3rd TAGRA

Transdermal patch technologies are being investigated as potential alternatives to traditional oral nutritional supplements, particularly in cases involving challenges such as gastrointestinal imbalances, malabsorption, or limited bioavailability. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, poses a significant barrier to the delivery of many nutrients into the body. This review evaluates current evidence, emerging delivery strategies, and the challenges associated with the transdermal administration of nutrients. Approaches discussed include chemical penetration enhancers, nanocarriers, liposomal formulations, iontophoresis, ultrasound-assisted delivery, and microneedle-based systems. These technologies aim to enhance skin permeability and facilitate controlled nutrient release. Current findings indicate that the evidence varies significantly depending on the type of nutrient and the delivery platform employed. While human studies have focused on transdermal vitamin D administration, research on vitamin B12, vitamin K, iron, and magnesium relies largely on preclinical, in vitro, or ex vivo evidence. Microneedle-based systems are particularly promising; however, successful nutrient loading and skin penetration do not always guarantee systemic bioavailability or clinical efficacy. Key challenges include dose control, delivery efficiency, long-term safety, manufacturing standardization, and a lack of sufficient clinical data. Furthermore, wearable and smart patch technologies may offer future opportunities to integrate nutrient delivery with biomarker monitoring and personalized nutrition practices. However, further validation of these applications is required. In conclusion, while transdermal patch technologies represent an emerging field in nutritional science, their clinical role has not yet been fully defined. Well-designed human clinical studies focusing on specific nutrients are needed to determine the safety, bioavailability, and efficacy of these methods, as well as their potential contributions to personalized nutritional care.