3rd TAGRA

Neurological disorders cause substantial motor, sensory, and cognitive disability, while conventional pharmacological treatments often provide incomplete symptom control. Neuromodulation devices offer additional therapeutic options by altering neural activity through electrical or magnetic stimulation. However, their clinical effectiveness varies across diseases, patient populations and Technologies. These technologies include deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and responsive neurostimulation (RNS). These approaches differ in invasiveness, anatomical targets, stimulation delivery, and requirements for monitoring and programming. Implantable systems enable targeted or sustained stimulation, whereas noninvasive devices permit stimulation without intracranial electrode implantation. Clinical utility nevertheless depends on the specific disorder, patient characteristics, and strength of supporting evidence. In Parkinson’s disease, DBS addresses selected motor symptoms, while adaptive systems adjust stimulation according to recorded neural signals. In drug resistant epilepsy, VNS, DBS, and RNS provide options for selected patients; RNS detects abnormal electrophysiological activity and delivers stimulation through a closed loop system. For stroke rehabilitation, greater improvement in upper limb motor function when implanted VNS was paired with rehabilitation than with sham stimulation. TMS and tDCS are also investigated for neurological rehabilitation, although outcomes vary across protocols and indications. Overall, neuromodulation represents a clinically relevant intersection of neuroscience and biomedical device engineering. Translation requires careful patient selection, standardized outcome assessment, appropriate safety monitoring, and distinction between established applications and investigational techniques. Future advances should prioritize individualized targeting, biomarkers, and adequately powered comparative trials to clarify durable benefits and optimize device integration into multidisciplinary neurological care. This review aims to examine major neuromodulation technologies, summarize their clinical applications, and identify current limitations and future research priorities.