TAGRA 2025

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have become increasingly used materials in food production and packaging processes in recent years. Titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and silica nanoparticles, in particular, are preferred for purposes such as extending product shelf life, improving color and texture, and inhibiting microbial growth. However, the nanoscale nature of these particles complicates their interactions with the body and raises new health concerns. There is increasing evidence in the literature that MONPs may affect the intestinal barrier, microbiota balance, the immune system, and some neurological processes. This is an issue that requires careful consideration, especially for vulnerable groups such as children. The aim of this study is to evaluate metal oxide nanoparticles used in the food chain in light of current toxicological findings, summarize their effects on the gastrointestinal system and microbiota, and identify potential risks they may pose to children. Furthermore, current regulatory approaches are reviewed, and gaps in food safety and areas requiring improvement are discussed. Current studies indicate that MONPs can reach humans through migration from both food and packaging materials. These particles have been shown to affect various biological systems through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, increased intestinal permeability, and disruption of microbiota structure. Children's increased preference for packaged foods, their higher exposure relative to their body weight, and their greater developmental vulnerability place this group at particular risk. Therefore, it is crucial to reconsider the use of MONPs, particularly in child nutrition, conduct more comprehensive tests related to packaging migration, and increase the number of long-term, child-centered toxicological studies. Furthermore, stricter controls and transparent information are essential for products with potential MONP contact, such as baby products (baby bottles, pacifiers, and storage containers).