TAGRA 2025

Background: Colostrum, an immunologically active biofluid rich in proteins, lipids, and vesicular structures, contains extracellular vesicles that exhibit remarkable stability and biocompatibility. Colostrum-derived extracellular vesicles (CDEVs) have recently attracted attention as natural nanocarriers due to their ability to withstand digestive conditions, cross biological barriers, and deliver therapeutic molecules efficiently.
Objective: This review aims to summarize the structural characteristics, isolation methods, and drug-loading approaches of CDEVs, and to evaluate their potential as emerging drug delivery platforms.
Methods: Recent literature on colostrum extracellular vesicle composition, physicochemical properties, and applications in drug and compound delivery was examined. Studies focusing on oral bioavailability, transport mechanisms, and pharmacokinetic advantages were included.
Results: CDEVs demonstrate high resistance to enzymatic degradation and acidic pH, enabling efficient gastrointestinal absorption. Their membrane composition facilitates cellular uptake and supports the encapsulation of various therapeutic cargos, including small molecules, peptides, and proteins. Drug-loading strategies such as passive incubation, sonication, and electroporation have been successfully applied to enhance delivery efficiency. Preclinical models reveal improved stability, reduced systemic toxicity, and enhanced tissue targeting when therapeutic compounds are delivered via CDEVs.
Conclusion: Colostrum-derived exosomes represent a promising and safe natural nanocarrier system with substantial advantages over synthetic platforms. Their unique physicochemical stability and scalable production potential position them as strong candidates for future pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.