TURK 2025

Over the past several decades, biomaterials have been extensively utilized in the field of medical science. They have successfully been used to replace various human body tissues such as bones, teeth, ligaments, tendons, and others. One of the primary challenges in utilizing biomaterials is the risk of immune rejection. In modern applications, long-term implants and bone replacements demand not only biocompatibility but also suitable biological and mechanical properties of the chosen biomaterial. Surface modification is widely used for enhancing material performance through surface alteration. Metallic biomaterials are prone to corrosion, and the release of corrosion by-products or wear particles into the body can cause inflammation or osteolysis. Additionally, their low surface hardness, high friction coefficient, and inadequate wear resistance limit their application in biomedical settings. Among metallic materials used in biomedical applications, titanium and its alloys exhibit the highest level of biocompatibility. However, they also come with certain limitations. Commercially Pure Titanium (Cp-Ti), for example, exhibit low mechanical strength, high Young's modulus, and poor wear resistance, which can hinder their effectiveness in medical use. Ti6Al4V, a commonly used titanium alloy for implants, suffers from similar drawbacks, including poor wear resistance and the potential release of toxic ions such as aluminum and vanadium into surrounding tissues. These ions can negatively affect osteointegration and may lead to localized inflammation. To address these issues, various hard ceramic coatings have been explored. Coatings such as titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) are known for their outstanding wear resistance, high hardness, and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. These coatings, in particular, are considered highly valuable for protective coatings due to their exceptional mechanical strength, chemical stability, corrosion and wear resistance, and biocompatibility.
Keywords: Biomaterials, biocompatibility, Coting, Titanium alloys.