TURK 2025

Aging, trauma, and fractures are a serious threat to the hard tissues. In this context, bone tissue engineering can play a role as a novel method to accelerate the repair of damaged bone tissue. Herein, to mimic the structure of bone tissue, we synthesized 3D-Printed Multiphasic nanocomposite scaffolds using an extrusion-based 3D bioprinter and bioactive glass nanoparticles. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from the bone marrow of rat femurs and verified by flow cytometry with CD34, CD44, CD45, and CD90 factors to in vitro primary cell culture. The printed scaffolds were further analyzed using FTIR, SEM, and contact angle measurement to evaluate their hydrophilicity and surface topography. Cell viability and scaffold cytotoxicity were evaluated using the MTT assay. The enzymatic effects of the bioprinted scaffolds on the stress oxidative pathway cells resulted in further low generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in mitochondrial and lysosome health. The low-level peroxidation of lipid causing cytochrome-c release along with low level reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutathione (GSH) levels were observed. The oxidative stress-induced interruption in the mitochondrial electron transport chain has been suggested as the mechanism describing the cellular toxicity pathway resulting in the cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) signaling. These results strongly suggest the designed scaffold demonstrates potential as an effective composite for bone tissue regeneration and engineering applications.