In a world where technology evolves at breakneck speed, how do we ensure our research keeps pace?
I hear you say "events"! Yes, the academic events like this will make us ensure we keep pace with the rest of the world.

The success of education systems is directly related to the extent to which students successfully achieve the determined learning and program outcomes. This study addresses the design of a decision support system (DSS) for evaluating students' learning and program outcomes. The designed system enables students' success levels to be measured more precisely and curricula to be effectively optimized. This paper presents the design process, data collection methods, algorithms and implementation details of the system.
The education and training process aims to ensure that students gain academic, social and professional competencies. However, measuring the level of achievement of these goals and implementing output-based feedback mechanisms is a complex problem. At this point, it is important to process education data effectively and provide solutions that will guide decision makers.
The project aims to evaluate students based on both course learning outcomes and program outcomes based on the scores they receive from measurement and evaluation tools using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) as a method and artificial intelligence-based approaches in the future. The following steps were followed in the system design:
• Data Collection: Data obtained from various dimensions such as students' academic achievement, attendance status, project and laboratory studies were analyzed.
• Output Analysis: Criteria were defined and prioritized to relate the determined program outcomes to each student's performance.
• Modeling and Algorithm Development: A multi-criteria decision-making system algorithm is being designed and optimized for the decision support system. In addition, fuzzy logic, decision trees and machine learning algorithms will be included in the system with artificial intelligence support in the future.
• User Interface Design: The system is equipped with an interface that faculty members and administrators can easily use and continues to be developed.
The prototype system was tested with pilot applications and provided faculty members with the opportunity to analyze student performance in detail. The system has presented an approach to measuring the achievement levels of program outcomes according to learning outcomes and the impact rates of these outcomes, and it is thought that it has the potential for wider applicability in the future, will contribute positively to education quality assurance processes and can be adapted to different education levels.

Chronic wounds are a serious issues in modern healthcare, frequently resulting in prolonged patient suffering and increased healthcare expenses. Recent advances in 3D bioprinting technology have created new opportunities for development of novel therapeutic techniques. This talk addresses the potential of polymer-based drug-loaded nanoparticles developed via 3D bioprinting for chronic wound healing applications. We hope to construct scaffolds that provide structural support as well as controlled delivery of therapeutic drugs by combining biocompatible polymers and nanomaterials. The distinct features of polymer-based nanoparticles improve treatment loading capacity and release patterns, facilitating localized treatment while reducing systemic side effects. This study emphasizes 3D bioprinting's transformational significance in regenerative medicine, as well as its potential for resolving the challenges of chronic wound management. Future research will concentrate on improving the formulation and determining the in vivo efficacy of these drug-loaded nanomaterials in clinical settings.

In the context of achieving carbon neutrality, the call for clean fuel alternatives to support the decarbonization of various energy sectors has been growing steadily. Among many potential alternatives, Hydrogen (H2) energy is expected to play a vital role in the energy transition. This is attributed to its potential to reduce the harmful emissions besides its high energy content (Gravimetric). The H2 economy is rapidly becoming a vital component of global efforts to transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy systems. Economic data show how quickly the markets for Green Hydrogen (GH2) are growing. The global market for GH2 was estimated to be worth $0.3 billion in 2020 and is expected to reach $10.2 billion by 2027, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 54.7%. In this talk, the advantages of H2, H2 production technologies, H2 storage, challenges of the H2 energy and economy, GH2, applications of H2 and overview of fuel cells and types will be presented.

One of the major problems brought on by excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere is global warming. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations support the transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources in order to lower CO2 emissions and shield the planet from the catastrophic consequences of global warming. Additionally, research is being conducted globally to identify a powerful and environmentally benign process that directly transforms CO2 released by industries and automobiles into useful products. Therefore, some microorganism including bacteria and algae are being utilized to reduce the rising CO2 levels by enzyme catalysis. One of the well known biocatalysts, carbonic anhydrase (CA) contributes to the sequestration of CO2. The enzyme is present in bacteria, human beings and also in algae. This is one of the metallozyme containing zinc in its active centre. CA transforms the CO2 into bicarbonates, which, when calcium ions are present, can be further transformed into CaCO3. There are various benefits of using CA to transform CO2 from flue gas into environmentally safe, thermodynamically stable calcium carbonate. Various nonmaterial and solvents have also been used to absorb the CO2 and convert the same into various useful products. Thus the amalgamation of nonmaterial and enzyme to prepare a nanobiocatlyst would prove to be more effective method to sequester and convert the CO2 into commercial products. In addition, algae using Calvin Benson cycle fix almost double its weight of CO2. It contains ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the entry of CO2. Algae are able to grow in varied type of climate and are rich in metabolites which further enhance its use as potential candidate for CO2 sequestration.

The primary goal of the study is to create an Aluminium A356 Functionally Graded alloy (A356 FG alloy) by vertical centrifugal casting after stir casting. After T6 heat treatment at various aging temperatures, the optimal aging temperature was determined to be 165°C. Using Vickers' microhardness instrument, the hardness was determined to be 50% greater in the higher hardness zone (Outer zone) for the sample aged at 165°C compared to the as-cast Aluminum functionally graded alloy. Also, the tensile strength evaluation showed the highest tensile strength of 101.487 N/mm² in the 165°C aged higher hardness zone. The microstructure was analyzed, and it was discovered that the heat-treated condition contained spheroidized eutectic silicon and magnesium silicide particles.
The secondary investigation spatially dispersed high-hardness silicon nitride particles with Aluminium A356 alloy via vertical centrifugal casting to reinforce A356 with 10 wt.% Si₃N₄ Functionally Graded Composite (A356-10 wt.% Si₃N₄ FG Composite). On the fabricated FG composite, the optimal T6 heat treatment conditions obtained from the A356 FG alloy were implemented. Using Vicker's microhardness instrument, the hardness behavior was assessed. It was determined that the exterior surface exhibited a superior microhardness of 182 HV, which constituted a 73% increase compared to the interior surface. Also, the tensile strength evaluation showed the highest tensile strength of 131.067 N/mm² in the wealthy ceramic zone. The phase analysis and particle dissemination of the gradient were validated in the radial direction.

Silicon Carbide (SiC) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) have emerged as a key technology for high-power, high-efficiency applications, particularly in electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and industrial motor drives. SiC’s superior material properties, such as wide bandgap, high thermal conductivity, and high breakdown voltage, allow it ideal for operating in harsh conditions and enabling faster-switching speeds, higher efficiencies, and reduced system size compared to traditional silicon-based devices. This paper explores the development of SiC MOSFETs, focusing on their device physics, performance characteristics, and advancements in fabrication technologies. It further examines the challenges and innovations in advanced packaging solutions, essential for maximizing the potential of SiC MOSFETs in practical applications. Integrating advanced packaging techniques such as power modules, thermal management strategies, and high-density interconnects is critical for ensuring optimal performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of SiC power devices in next-generation power electronic systems. This work provides a detailed outlook on the role of SiC MOSFETs and advanced packaging in transforming power electronics for a wide range of industries through a comprehensive review of the current state and future trends.

Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials in the nanometer scale from 1 to 100 nm. Due to its numerous advantages which includes miniaturization and enhanced energy efficiency it has been deployed in many industrial applications including electronics, medicine, energy, environment, materials and consumer products. In this paper, our focus will be deployment of nanotechnology to revolutionize the electronics industry. The miniaturization of electronic devices and advances in nanomaterial research and production has made the application of functional nanomaterials at the forefront of scientific and industrial attention. Recent advances in carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and other green carbon nanomaterials from organic sources such as rice husk and carbon charcoal have shown excellent results when deployed in electronics, bioelectronics, optoelectronics and photonic applications. In this paper we will present some case studies when these materials were used in gas sensor and microstrip patch antenna applications that proved to show excellent results with improved performance.

The development of advanced materials for electromagnetic wave applications, including microstrip patch antennas and electromagnetic wave absorbers, has become pivotal in addressing the growing demand for efficient and compact devices. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-ferrite nanohybrids have emerged as promising candidates, offering unique synergies between the high conductivity of CNTs and the excellent magnetic properties of ferrites. This talk delves into the synthesis, characterization, and application of CNT-ferrite nanohybrid materials, with a focus on their performance in electromagnetic wave technologies.
Drawing insights from recent advancements, such as the use of Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) and Nickel-Zinc Ferrite (NZF) thick films as substrates for microstrip patch antennas, we explore how these hybrid materials enhance bandwidth, resonance frequency, and absorption capabilities. Innovative techniques, including chemical vapor deposition and utilization of eco-friendly precursors like waste cooking oil and linseed oil, have facilitated the scalable production of these materials while maintaining optimal rheological properties for thick film pastes. Furthermore, hybridization strategies, such as integrating coiled CNTs with ferrites, have demonstrated significant improvements in radar absorption and natural resonance frequencies.
By bridging material science and microwave engineering, CNT-ferrite nanohybrids are positioned to revolutionize electromagnetic wave applications, offering lightweight, flexible, and highly efficient solutions. This presentation aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research trends, highlighting key challenges and future directions in the development of CNT-ferrite nanohybrids for next-generation electromagnetic technologies.

Osteoarthritis affects millions of people globally. There are multiple factors contributing towards the onset and progression of this condition. Anti-inflammatory drugs prove to be beneficial in providing relief to the patients. However these drugs have their own side effects and cause adverse effects. Alternative and traditional medicines have provided some breakthrough as therapeutic approach for these chronic conditions. Unani system of medicine is based on the traditional medicines approach brought to India by Arabs who developed this system of medicine adapting the knowledge from Greek literature. This medicine system has evolved as a reliable approach and accepted since centuries. In this study we have characterised the health promoting benefits of several plants which have been used for treatment of osteoarthritis. We have analyzed the phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties and anti-inflammatory potential of different extracts of these plants. Some plants showed the presence of high amount of phenolics and flavonoids. A few of them had very high antioxidant potential. A formulation was prepared using a prescribed mixture of these plants and its toxicity was analyzed using wistar rats as per the OECD guidelines. The anti-inflammatory potential was also analyzed for the aqueous formulation which showed suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased amount of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum sample of rats. Further characterization will reveal the generation expression of these cytokines.

Traditional houses have created unique characteristics with the influence of the climate conditions, site conditions, socio-economic factors, traditions and customs of the region where they are located, and have developed sustainable design strategies that are compatible with the environment. The most important factor affecting building design is the climate factor. The climate factor has greatly affected the design and formation of traditional houses, as in all buildings. Traditional houses were created with a plan, material selection and construction technique appropriate to the climatic conditions of the region in which they are located. The hypothesis of this study is that traditional Erzurum houses are sustainable traditional houses suitable for the climatic conditions of the region where they are located. Erzurum is located in a region under the influence of continental climate. Winters in this region are long and quite harsh. Summers are rainy and mild. The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of harsh continental climatic conditions on the design and formation of traditional Erzurum houses in the context of climate-sensitive design criteria. Within the scope of the study, 19 registered traditional Erzurum houses located in Erzurum city center were evaluated in terms of land use and orientation, building form, building envelope, walls, windows, doors, foundations, flooring, roof, building materials and construction techniques. As a result of this evaluation, the effect of climate on the design of the architectural elements considered was examined. In this context, it has been determined that the effect of harsh continental climate conditions is tried to be minimized in traditional Erzurum houses. As a result of the study, it was concluded that traditional Erzurum houses developed a sustainable design approach that is suitable for the climatic conditions of the region and reflects its unique characteristics.

Fire is one of the important durability problems that cause negativities in civil engineering structures. Irreversible problems occur in the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of concrete elements when structures are exposed to high temperatures during fire. In recent years, it is known that fiber-reinforced concretes have shown significant improvements in mechanical properties, especially flexural strength and toughness, compared to plain concrete. In addition, the use of fiber is also an important parameter in making concrete fire resistant. In this context, the performance of concrete mixtures prepared using steel and basalt fiber under the effect of high temperatures was investigated in the study. After the mixtures were exposed to temperatures of 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C, the mechanical properties of the samples such as ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive and flexural strength were examined. In particular, the use of steel fibers caused increases in the compressive and flexural strength of the concrete at ambient temperature. On the contrary, replacing steel fiber with a certain amount of basalt fiber in the mixtures caused a decrease in the mechanical properties before elevated temperatures.The hybrid use of steel fibers with basalt fibers in the mixtures gave better results than the single steel fiber concrete in the relative residual strength values of the samples, especially after 600 °C and 800 °C.

Modern life needs and expectations have increased in line with the rapid population growth and urbanization in the world. In this context, it has become a necessity for states to make investments in order both to maintain their existence and to respond to increasing needs. These investments, which ensure social and economic development, include comprehensive infrastructure projects in areas such as transportation, communication, water and energy. However, the works carried out to meet the needs in different fields have caused negative situations on tangible and intangible cultural heritage assets. Conservation activities have been carried out to eliminate or minimize the damage to historical values. With the studies carried out under the leadership of European countries, conservation projects have started to be implemented for historical values that will be damaged in infrastructure project areas. Infrastructure projects and conservation activities are handled holistically. In this context, reports such as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) were prepared for environmental planning and protection of tangible and intangible historical values. In line with the results of the report studies, projects have been prepared for the protection of movable and immovable cultural heritage that may be affected by the project. Within the scope of this study, cultural heritage assets affected by infrastructure projects around the world and in Türkiye were analyzed and their protection status and methods were determined.

LoRa (Long Range) technology, which enables low-power and long-distance communication in edge computing systems, is an ideal solution for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. These systems consist of local nodes that perform data processing near the device instead of in the cloud. Low power consumption is especially important for energy-constrained portable devices and remote sensor networks. In this study, the power consumption of the circuit is analyzed during data transmission and reception over different distances using the SX1268 433 MHz LoRa HAT module integrated on the embedded circuit. The aim of the study is to determine the distance dependent power consumption of the SX1268 LoRa module and to evaluate the energy efficiency by comparing these consumptions. In the experimental setup, the power consumption of the circuit during data transmission and reception was measured at 0.1 second intervals using a current sensor and recorded in real time. The experiments were conducted at varying distances of 100 meters, 1 kilometer and 2 kilometers. At each distance, 10 transmissions were made at 1-second intervals after a 20-second waiting period, with each message being 200 bytes in size. The obtained data shows that the change in transmission power consumption with increasing distance reveals that the power consumption of the circuit increases as the distance increases. In particular, while the power consumption is low at short distances, it is observed that the power consumption increases significantly at distances of 1 kilometer and above. During reception, the power consumption was found to remain relatively constant regardless of the distance. In conclusion, the power consumption analysis of the SX1268 LoRa module in the embedded circuit at different distances in this study provides usable data for energy saving in IoT applications. These findings can play a role in system selection, especially for battery-based systems that require long-term operation.

The Detecting vibration anomalies in 3D printers is critical for maintaining print quality and increasing efficiency in production processes. Early awareness reduces costs by preventing faulty production and contributes to longer device life. Artificial intelligence applications using classification and anomaly detection models can detect these errors at an early stage by analyzing the data obtained with signal processing techniques. In this study, data collected from a 3D printer using vibration sensors were used to evaluate the performance of machine learning and deep learning algorithms in anomaly detection. The analyzed dataset consists of 7,967 vibration data (405 anomalies and 7562 normal data). In this analysis, eight machine learning algorithms such as Isolation Forest, K-Means, Single Class SVM and Spectral Clustering, among others, and two deep learning models, namely Autoencoder and the proposed Residual Convolutional LSTM model. In the data preprocessing process, dimensionality reduction and normalization were performed using PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The study also presents a new model (RConvLSTM4AD) that can detect anomalies by hybridizing Residual Techniques and Convolutional Long-Short Term Memory method. The hybrid model performed the best with 98.77% accuracy compared to the others. This was closely followed by Spectral Clustering with 94.95% accuracy and Agglomerative clustering with 94.82% accuracy. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid approach for vibration anomaly detection in 3D printers.

Metal oxides such as hematite(α-Fe2O3) are frequently preferred in electronic device design because they are easily found in nature and have low cost and toxicity. It has been used in many studies due to its practical applications. In the studies conducted, experiments and measurements with different parameters are involved in order to examine the properties of the materials. The crystal structure was characterized by XRD, optical properties by absorption-bandgap, and surface morphology by SEM analysis. In this study, the properties of Ag doped α-Fe2O3 (hematite) thin films grown on different substrates were compared. The selected substrates were glass and ITO materials. The films were grown by magnetron sputtering technique. F1 indicates the film used on glass substrate, while F2 indicates the film used on ITO substrate.

Mold contamination of agricultural products poses a significant health threat to consumers. One of the most widespread and persistent toxins is mycotoxins, which are classified as class 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Agricultural products such as peanuts and hazelnuts are the most susceptible to mycotoxin contamination and are of economic importance due to their threat to human and animal health. In the field of biosensors and environmental monitoring, the synthesis and use of carbon-based nanomaterials in particular has increased the interest in nanotechnology. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which are generally smaller than 10 nanometers in size, exhibit exceptional fluorescence, high stability, and low toxicity, making them suitable for various applications such as biological imaging, drug delivery, and contaminant detection. In this study, green fluorescent CQDs were synthesized from plant wastes using a new approach by pyrolysis, exhibiting remarkable stability, water solubility, and good biocompatibility. The fluorescence quantum yield of CQDs was measured as 0.04. Furthermore, CDs are very effective in detecting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism, with a clear fluorescence emission peak seen at 451 nm. The photoluminescence properties of CDs were evaluated under various pH conditions and showed a blue shift and increased fluorescence intensity at pH 9–10, suggesting their potential use in pH-sensitive sensor applications. This eco-friendly and cost-effective synthesis method offers a promising alternative for AFB1 detection in food samples by using waste material to create valuable analytical tools. Conclusions Using the unique properties of CQDs, a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection platform that can be integrated into food safety monitoring systems was developed. This work not only contributes to the advancement of CQD synthesis from sustainable sources, but also addresses a critical need in food safety and environmental monitoring.

Microplastic pollution has become a global concern, and studies focusing on their fate in aquatic environments give insight on possible transportation routes and environmental impacts. The suspected microplastic occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) was studied. Pinfish is a benthic carnivore species and prey to piscivorous birds the most popular game fishes. The fish samples (n = 25) were taken in September 2022 from Grand Isle, Louisiana, USA, which is described as "sport fisherman's paradise". The average length of the fish was 13.15±2.8 cm. The GIT of fish was extracted and digested using H2O2 (30%) at 65°C in separate beakers. The digested material was filtered and suspected microplastics were examined under microscope. All analyzed fish had suspected microplastics in their GITs. No correlation was determined between the fish length and abundance. The average number per fish was 5.12±0.36 (mean ± SE). The shapes of the particles were dominated by fiber (42.14%), followed by fragment (34.73%), pellet (14.96%) and film (8.17%). The average size was 1232.18±73.45 μm. The colors were black (48.43%), blue (18.38%), transparent (11.63%), red (7.32%), brown (6.92%), multicolor (5.33%), orange (1.99%). The result demonstrates a preliminary insight to possible microplastic ingestion by pinfish from Grand Isle. Since it is a prey for other species in upper trophic level, comprehensive studies using spectrometric methods are crucial for understanding the abundance and polymers ingested by the species.

One of the biggest problems of the aquaculture sector is fish diseases. Bacterial fish diseases are an important factor that causes serious financial losses in aquaculture. Antibiotics are used in the treatment of fish diseases. However, excessive antibiotics cause the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria in the environment. Antibiotic resistance spreads among bacteria, which makes it difficult to treat bacterial diseases and endangers public health. For this reason, studies on alternative treatment methods to antibiotics are important. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophage therapy is the use of bacteriophages in the fight against bacteria. Bacteriophage therapy stands out as an environmentally friendly and biological method compared to other treatment methods. In this study, the effect of bacteriophage therapy in the treatment of important bacterial fish diseases such as Vibriosis, Yersiniosis and Lactococcosis was examined, and its usability against antibiotics and other chemical treatments was also discussed. Studies show that bacteriophage therapy is promising as a good alternative in the treatment of fish diseases with its important advantages such as being host specific and environmentally friendly.

This study focuses on the estimation of emissions produced by pilot boats operating in the ports of Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Rize, and Hopa, located in Turkey's Eastern Black Sea region, over the course of 2023. Pilot boats play a critical role in ensuring the safe navigation, docking, and undocking of vessels within port boundaries, making their operational activities a significant component of port-related emissions. The Emission Factor Methodology, a standardized approach widely recognized in maritime emission studies, was utilized to perform the calculations. The methodology involves key parameters such as engine power (converted to kilowatts), annual activity hours, engine load factors, emission factors specific to marine engines (g/kW-hr), and fuel correction factors that account for the properties of fuel used by pilot boats. To ensure accuracy, the annual operating hours of pilot boats at each port were meticulously recorded and analyzed. The movement patterns of these vessels within port waters, which include routine maneuvers for guiding larger ships, were also integrated into the assessment. The results provide a detailed quantification of total emissions, including major pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM), emitted by pilot boat operations. This study highlights the environmental impact of pilot boat activities and underlines their contribution to the overall emission footprint of port operations in the region. The findings offer valuable data for policymakers and port authorities, enabling the development of strategies to mitigate emissions, promote cleaner technologies, and improve the environmental sustainability of maritime activities in the Eastern Black Sea ports.

The lifespan of a ship typically ends when it no longer remains safe, cost-effective, or practical to operate. Ship life varies depending on the quality of construction, maintenance, and specialized work performed, but ships generally remain in service for many years before being decommissioned. In this study, the factors affecting the ship dismantling age were determined by a literature review. Structural Integrity: The hull and key structural components may weaken over time due to wear, corrosion, or fatigue. This can make the ship unsafe to operate, especially in rough seas or heavy loads. Maintenance Costs: If the costs for repairs and maintenance exceed the ship’s operational value or revenue, it might be more economical to retire the ship. Environmental Regulations: New regulations can make it impractical to continue operating older ships, which often require significant modifications to meet modern environmental standards, like emissions control, waste management, or fuel restrictions. Market Demand: Some ships, like cargo vessels or oil tankers, might become economically unviable if market demand drops or if shipping companies switch to a different type of vessel. Degradation of Machinery: Older engines, electrical systems, and other onboard machinery can degrade over time, becoming less efficient and more prone to breakdowns. Once a ship’s operational value is no longer viable, it may be sold for parts, scrapped, or repurposed for a different use, such as being converted into an artificial reef. The age of ship dismantling, which is affected by all these factors, has been increasing in recent years. Between 2016 and 2022, the average age at which ships are dismantled increased from 23 to 29 years. Future studies can be conducted to investigate the reason for this increase.

Marine functional connectivity plays an important role in the sustainability and resilience of marine ecosystems. It simply refers to the exchange of individuals, genes, and energy between marine habitats, which supports biodiversity, enhances fishery yields, and strengthens the adaptability of marine populations to environmental changes. This study provides an overview of the key methodologies used to estimate marine functional connectivity, offering insights into genetic, tagging, chemical markers, and modeling approaches. Genetic tools, such as analysis of protein variants, cytoplasmic and (mtDNA, cpDNA), nuclear markers, microsatellites, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), enable researchers to trace lineage and identify population structure. Tagging and tracking methods provide direct evidence of species movement, while chemical markers, including stable isotope ratios and elemental concentrations, reveal environmental and physiological histories. Advances in modeling techniques, such as ecological niche models (ENMs), biophysical modeling, and meta-population models, further facilitate the prediction of connectivity patterns. These collaborative efforts aim to improve resource management and conservation strategies by providing comprehensive knowledge on marine connectivity. By understanding the mechanisms that drive marine connectivity, stakeholders can better design marine protected areas, support sustainable fisheries, and promote biodiversity conservation.

The rapidly increasing energy demand worldwide is directing countries towards sustainable and renewable energy sources. In this context, the evaluation of waste in energy production both reduces energy costs and contributes to environmental sustainability. Alternative fuels, especially oils obtained from waste plastics, are among the remarkable solutions in the energy sector. Recycling and recovery of wastes play a vital role in preventing environmental pollution and protecting natural resources. In this study, waste plastic oil obtained from waste plastics, waste transformer oil and diesel were mixed at different rates and tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Ternary fuel mixtures were prepared and a cetane number improver was added to them. The obtained fuel mixtures were examined in detail in terms of both engine performance and exhaust emissions. In experimental studies, the effects of different fuel mixtures on engine power, fuel consumption and combustion efficiency were analyzed. The results showed that the cetane improver additive positively affects the combustion process especially in low-quality fuel mixtures and provides a significant improvement in engine performance. In addition, when the exhaust emission values ​​were examined, it was determined that certain mixtures were effective in reducing emissions. These findings reveal the potential of using waste-based fuels in internal combustion engines and are promising in terms of environmentally friendly energy production. The study yields significant findings relate to both reducing energy costs and increasing environmental sustainability.

Heat transfer plays an important role in industrial and engineering applications. In this research, the effect of aluminum oxide nanoparticles on the forced heat transfer rate in laminar flow in a square cross-section channel is investigated. The governing equations are discretized by the finite difference method on the shifted grid. Nanofluid flow is simulated using single-phase and mixed models. Simulation results show that the average Nusselt number increases with the increase in Reynolds number. In addition, the average Nusselt number and consequently the heat transfer rate increase with the increase in volume fraction. The results of the mixed model are closer to the laboratory results than the single-phase model.

The rise in component temperatures during operation represents one of the most significant challenges that electronic devices confront, as elevated temperatures can negatively impact their functionality and potentially lead to irreversible damage. In order to effectively tackle this problem, the utilization of synthetic jet cooling holds considerable promise for enhancing the efficiency of electronic devices while simultaneously reducing their operating temperatures.
This study not only aims to reduce the thermal load on the components but also contributes to the overall reliability and longevity of the devices. To investigate the effectiveness of synthetic jet cooling in thermal applications, an experimental setup was meticulously developed, incorporating loudspeaker capable of generating synthetic jets. This setup aims to explore how these jets can facilitate enhanced heat transfer and improve cooling performance in various electronic components. By leveraging the unique properties of synthetic jets, which can create localized airflow without the need for moving parts, this research seeks to provide valuable insights into advanced cooling solutions that are essential for meeting the increasing thermal demands associated with modern high-performance electronics.
As electronic devices continue to evolve toward greater integration and miniaturization, effective thermal management strategies become increasingly critical. The findings from this experimental investigation may pave the way for innovative cooling technologies that not only mitigate heat-related issues but also enhance device performance and reliability in a range of applications. This study demonstrates that a finned heat sink height of 1 mm enhanced heat transfer by 42.47%, effectively maintaining the heat sink temperature within an acceptable range.

Although solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, and is considered infinite when compared to human needs, many factors such as low efficiency, large area requirements and high costs limit solar energy systems from being a suitable option to meet energy needs. In the last half century, new approaches have been developed and new research has been conducted on methods of generating electricity from solar energy. As a result of research conducted during this period, the efficiency of existing solar cell technologies has been increased two to three times and new solar cell technologies have been developed. Scientific studies on hybrid systems where solar energy systems are integrated into various systems and new methods and approaches for improving solar energy systems in various aspects continue at full speed. However, as in all renewable energy sources, sustainability is the top priority for solar energy systems. Therefore, solar cell technologies should be evaluated from a perspective that prioritizes sustainability rather than an approach focused solely on efficiency. In the study; Various sustainability indicators consisting of critical elements such as energy efficiency, carbon footprint, production and usage costs, material recycling and environmental impact parameters have been defined and various solar cell technologies have been evaluated in terms of these sustainability indicators in order to make the most appropriate and sustainable solution choices for different needs in the light of these indicators.

This study explores the synthesis, powder characteristics, and mechanical properties of an AlCrCo medium entropy alloy (MEA) fabricated via mechanical alloying (MA). Elemental powders of Al, Cr, and Co in equiatomic proportions were subjected to high-energy ball milling to achieve a homogeneous alloy. The evolution of phase formation, crystallite size, and particle morphology during milling was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to investigate the thermal stability and phase transformation behavior of the alloy. The milled powders were consolidated through hot pressing to produce dense bulk samples, which were subsequently characterized for microstructural homogeneity, hardness, and compressive strength. The results demonstrated the formation of a single-phase BCC structure with fine grains and excellent mechanical properties, including high hardness and strength, primarily due to grain refinement and solid solution strengthening. This study underscores the potential of AlCrCo MEAs for lightweight structural applications, offering a balance between strength and thermal stability.

Water scarcity is one of the main negative impacts of global climate change. Water scarcity is a growing problem in many countries around the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Accordingly, rationalization of irrigation water has become a necessity for these countries to achieve their sustainable development goals. Constrained irrigation practices in agricultural production are critical strategies for water resource conservation and sustainable irrigation management, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. In this direction, the study investigating the effects of different irrigation water applications on plant growth parameters of bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) plant was carried out in Erzurum conditions in 2024. In the study, 25% (S4), 50% (S3), 75% (S2) and 100% (S1) of the evaporation values read from the Class A pan were applied as irrigation levels. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, root weight, pod length and number of grains per pod were determined. The values for plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, root weight, pod length and number of grains in the pods varied between 35.21-47.10 cm, 9.87-9.99 mm, 13.5-25 pieces, 15.23-18.65cm, 22.05-28.41g, 14.10-14.55cm, 5-5.37 pieces. The study found that plant height, number of leaves, root length and root weight increased with increasing amount of irrigation water. Considering the results of the study, it was found that stem diameter, pod length and number of grains in pods had no significant influence by irrigation level treatments.

The presence of lead in the environment poses a serious threat to ecosystems. This heavy metal is an inorganic pollutant that is non-biodegradable and toxic. The adverse health outcomes associated with lead poisoning are numerous and include kidney damage, nerve damage, liver damage, infertility, miscarriages and neonatal deaths. Due to their large specific surface area, high reactivity, and ability to remove a wide range of pollutants (1–1000 ppm) in a shorter time, nano-sized sorbents are advantageous for removing heavy metal ions. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of popular nano-metal oxide adsorbent materials that is employed in the remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants in water due to its distinctive properties, including non-toxicity, affordability, hydrophilicity, a large surface area, and photocatalysis. Furthermore, nanosized magnetite (Fe3O4) particles are an effective means of removing heavy metals, due to their magnetic properties, large surface area, chemical stability, facile synthesis, and low toxicity. The separation of magnetic adsorbents from medium is a straightforward process that can be achieved through the application of an external magnetic field, thereby reducing secondary waste. To enhance the surface area of the magnetic adsorbent and prevent aggregation, support materials are used. As a support material, TiO2 nanowires with a large surface area were synthesized and coated with PLDOPA film, in this study. The film facilitated the decoration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on a nanowire structure in a controlled manner, thereby preventing aggregation. TiO2@PLDOPA@Fe3O4 nanocomposite was employed in adsorption experiments to remove Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. We investigated the effect of temperature and stirring speed on heavy metal removal. The nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and its adsorption capacity was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Consequently, TiO2@PLDOPA@Fe3O4 nanocomposite exhibited an effective lead ion adsorption capacity.

In this study, laccase enzyme production potentials of Caldibacillus pasinlerensis isolated within the borders of Pasinler district of Erzurum were investigated in the culture medium consisting of medlar and hawthorn seeds. Medlar (Mespilus germanica) and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) seeds were used as natural substrates. These seeds are in terms of biologically active substances such as lignin, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins and have the potential to stimulate laccase production thanks to their lignocellulose rich osic structures. Laccase enzyme has a wide range of use in biotechnology and applications with its capacity to degrade complex organic molecules such as lignin and phenolic fragments. In experimental study, medlar and hawthorn seeds were ground and divided into 1-2 mm cross-sectional size. The ground seeds were added to the culture medium at different densities (3 g of hawthorn seed and 5 g of medlar seed). In order to investigate the enzyme production potential of the test bacteria, various temperature conditions such as incubation time (72 hours), temperature (55 °C) and pH (9) were optimized. Laccase activity was measured spectrophotometrically using ABTS substrate. The results showed that laccase production was significantly increased in both seed blocks, but the analyses containing the highest enzyme content was obtained from medlar seeds. When evaluated in terms of bioremediation, the utilization of medlar and hawthorn seeds, which have lignocellulosic structure, as agricultural waste offers an economical and sustainable alternative for reducing environmental pollution. The capacity of laccase enzyme to degrade phenolic and aromatic compounds stands out as a promising biocatalytic option especially in the treatment of agricultural and industrial wastewater. This study reveals an important potential for the use of renewable biological resources in industrial enzyme production and environmental remediation processes.

Enzymes are stable and specific biocatalysts. In recent years, their use in environmentally-friendly biotechnological approaches for various industrial innovations has become increasingly common. For this reason, identifying enzymes and enzyme units with potential applications in different processes is of both economic and environmental significance. Among the biomass waste generated in the environment, lignin and its derivatives hold considerable importance. Some of the enzymes capable of degrading lignin include peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase. In this study, a waste carbon source, Eriobotrya japonica seeds, was utilized for the production of peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase enzymes, aiming to achieve a lower-cost and easily accessible enzyme production process. As a result, high-value antioxidant enzymes were produced from the environmental waste of Eriobotrya japonica seeds using a thermophilic bacterium. In this study, the bacterium Caldibacillus pasinlerensis, a newly identified species isolated from the hot springs of Pasinler district in Erzurum, was used. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase was controlled using appropriate substrates. As a result of the optimization process, the highest enzyme activity was observed at 4g, pH 8, 55 °C for 24 hours for peroxidase and catalase, and at 4g, pH 9, 55 °C for 48 hours for polyphenol oxidase. Enzymes produced in plant waste-based media are frequently used in industries, clinical diagnostics, biosensor production, and organic synthesis reactions. Due to their free radical scavenging properties, these enzymes are intended for use in preparing pharmaceutical or cosmetic products, degrading pesticides and other toxic chemicals, paper bleaching, waste oil, and water treatment in industrial fields.

Fermented foods are formed by the action of various microorganisms and support our immune system. Examples of fermented foods are yoghurt, kimchi, pickles, kefir, beer and wine. Fermented foods contain probiotics, organic acids, ethanol or antimicrobial compounds that help balance the gut microbiome. Today, in the production of foods, great importance is attached to the use of microorganisms that support consumer health and strengthen the immune system by stimulating the immune system. It is known that lactic acid bacteria are important in terms of food safety and are therefore recognized as GRAS. In recent years, the fact that LAB regulate intestinal microflora homeostasis, prevent cancer development, produce antimicrobial substances, are resistant to antibiotics and do not form spores has caused scientists to pay attention to these bacteria. Researches are carried out to determine the most effective new or different strains of a known species that can be used especially in public health and industrial applications. The food industry also benefits from these properties. In this study, isolation and phenotypic characterization of lactic acid bacteria from wine samples were investigated. A total of 150 isolates were obtained from wine and as a result of phenotypic characterization, 52 Gram positive, catalase, oxidase negative isolates were determined. In the next stage, hemolytic activity of the isolates which were thought to be LAB and their resistance to low pH, gastrointestinal system, bile salt and ethanol were examined. 38 isolates were γ-hemolytic, 27 were resistant to gastrointestinal system, 12 to low pH and 10 to ethanol. With the data obtained as a result of the studies carried out, it is aimed to bring the most effective lactic acid bacteria isolates/isolates, which are important in terms of food safety and technology in wine content, to the food industry.

Temperature control in electronic systems is of critical importance to ensure reliable and efficient operation of equipment. Heat sinks are widely used in these systems to improve heat transfer. Thermal performance of heat sinks is evaluated based on the principle of maximizing heat transfer rate with minimum pressure drop. In this study, in order to determine the effects of geometric properties, the thermal performances of "S-shaped" turbulators with different geometric properties were numerically investigated by analyzing the changes in Nusselt number and friction factor. The numerical analysis results showed that the "S-shaped" turbulator significantly increased heat transfer, but this increase caused a certain increase in friction factor. In particular, with the change of element height, step value and radius, Nusselt number increased significantly, and partial increases were observed in pressure drops at different values. However, when the thermal performance factor was taken into account, it was understood that the heat transfer gains obtained compensated for the increase in friction factor. In the evaluation, it was observed that the highest improvement coefficient was obtained in the model with element height of 30 mm, transverse pitch of 18 mm and element radius of 50 mm. The results obtained in this study reveal that S-shaped turbulators, when designed with optimum geometric parameters, can provide significant improvement in space-constrained applications such as compact heat sinks.

In this study, the system created by integrating aluminum foam fins of a certain thickness with pore densities of 20 PPI in a horizontal channel in a inline arrangement was experimentally investigated. Afterwards, aluminum foam fins with different thicknesses and different pore densities were integrated into the channel and numerical analyses were performed. The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of AFFHC (Aluminum foam filled horizontal channel) were investigated. The numerical analyses carried out throughout the study were modeled by means of COMSOL Multiphysics program and this model was verified with the experimental study data carried out in the experimental system established in the laboratory environment. As a result of the investigations, it was observed that placing aluminum foam inside the channel increases the thermal performance value (η) of the system up to 3.44 times. For fin profiles with the same volume, as the thickness increases, the pressure drop increases and the Nu value also increases. However, since the increase in ΔP with increasing thickness is larger than the increase in Nu, the lowest η value is obtained for the case using the fin with the highest thickness. It is seen that the increase in the PPI ratio of the aluminum foam fins with the increase in Re in the studied range has a directly proportional effect on Nu and ΔP.

Energy is the most important fundamental factor in the development and prosperity of societies. Today, approximately 80% of global energy consumption comes from fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources have significant effectiveness in reducing dependence on fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil and coal. Heat pumps have enabled low-grade energy sources such as geothermal, soil, sun, and air to be used effectively with heat pumps. Heat pumps enable the effective and efficient use of energy thanks to their ability to transfer heat from a low-temperature heat source to a higher-temperature region, contrary to the normal heat transfer direction. Geothermal spring waters offer significant advantages in use in heat pumps due to their constant water temperature feature. In this study, the use of geothermal water source heat pumps for space heating in cold climate regions was investigated. It is aimed to use the geothermal water source at approximately 37 - 40C temperature effectively and efficiently in space heating by means of a heat pump. Additional precautions to be taken against possible adverse situations that may arise in this system used in cold climate regions have been set forth.

The adoption of solar water heating systems not only minimizes reliance on fossil fuels but also supports global sustainability efforts by mitigating environmental impacts and promoting energy security. As solar energy remains a cornerstone of renewable energy technologies, advancements in hybrid systems and FPSWH designs are crucial to sustainably address the rising global energy demand. This study experimentally examines the effects of turbulators (arranged in a spiral pattern with 1, 5, and 9 turbulators per tube) and advanced matte black coatings (Black 2.0 and Black 3.0) on the thermal performance of FPSWH systems. The experimental setup was complemented by a design optimization approach employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to maximize system efficiency. In this case; Experimental optimization was carried out with antifreeze added water, pure water and ethyl alcohol fluids at flow rates of 50-100 and 150 l/h, with a spiral having 11-55-99 turbulators and with classic, Black 2.0 and Black 3.0 coatings. The results emphasize the significance of optimizing absorber plate configurations, enhancing heat transfer processes, and utilizing advanced materials to improve FPSWH performance. According to the study results; It was determined that the coating applied to the surface of the plane surface solar collector increased the heat transfer efficiency very little, increasing the number of turbulators per spiral tube increased the heat transfer considerably, and the use of different fluids at different flow rates increased the heat transfer efficiency considerably.

Two-phase flow with boiling and the heat transfer associated with these flows are gaining increasing importance in industrial applications due to the fact that they provide higher heat transfer coefficients compared to single-phase flows. In this study, the dynamic instabilities of two-phase flow in a horizontal empty pipe with a diameter of 13.7 mm were investigated using a forced convection boiling experimental setup. No heat transfer enhancement elements were used in the experiments, only the flow conditions in the empty pipe were analyzed. As a result of the experimental studies, it was observed that the period and amplitude of the density change type oscillations were lower than the pressure drop type oscillations. With the increase in the thermal power given to the system, the pressure drop in the two-phase region increased and it was determined that the minimum point on the characteristic curve shifted to the right. However, it was determined that the boiling point shifted to lower mass flow rates in case of a decrease in the fluid inlet temperature, i.e. an increase in the subcooling level. This study has shown that the effects on heat transfer in two-phase flow with boiling in an empty tube can be analyzed without using more complex geometries (internal spring, turbulence, etc.) and has revealed that the relationship between pressure drop and heat transfer performance is important in such systems. In general, the findings of the study have provided an important basis for the effective design of two-phase flow systems, especially in industrial applications.

Microalloyed steels are widely used in many industries due to their high strength, light weight and weldability. These steels, which are preferred for components such as chassis and body structures in automotive manufacturing, require welding joining methods to adapt to complex designs. For these steels, which are generally joined by methods such as fusion, laser and resistance welding, fusion and laser welding in particular can cause problems such as grain growth, cracking and weakening of mechanical properties in the weld zone due to high heat input. This situation results in loss of performance after welding, especially in thin sections and high strength materials. Friction stir welding (FSW), one of the solid-state welding methods, can largely avoid such problems as it is a process performed without melting. In this study, the weldebility of microalloyed steels by FSW, the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the welded zone were investigated. The microalloyed steel sheets with 1.5 mm thick and 200x50 mm were butt welded by FSW method using a tungsten carbide (WC) tool. The shoulder diameter of the tool was 14 mm, the pin diameter was 4 mm, the pin length was 1.3 mm and the conical angle was 30°. During the FSW process, the tool speed was set at 800 rpm, the trverse rate was set at 65 mm/min and the tool down force was set at 5 kN. Microstructural analysis of the weld zone was carried out by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Mechanical properties were evaluated by Vickers microhardness test and tensile test. The results showed that the initial ferrite-carbide microstructure of the microalloyed steel was significantly refined and the grain size was reduced after the FSW process. This refined microstructure resulted in a significant increase in both hardness and strength values in the weld zone. While the initial microhardness of the microalloyed steel was 180 HV0.3, this value increased to avarege 240 HV0.3 in the FSW zone. Furthermore, no loss of hardness was observed the heat affected zone. The strength of the weld zone increased compared to the base material, while the total elongation value decreased. These results show that microalloyed steels can be successfully welded by the FSW method and that the weld performance is acceptable.

Evaluating the dynamics of aerosols and particle deposition in the respiratory tract accurately is critical for studying inhalation-based drug delivery and the effects of toxic particles. This process involves complex, multiphase flows with different respiratory characteristics and plays a significant role in its impact on human health. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) offers a vital tool to overcome the limitations of in vivo and in vitro experiments, enabling a microscopic understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of respiratory flow and particle behavior. Understanding the behavior of aerosol particles and airflow dynamics within the respiratory system is essential for achieving desired therapeutic outcomes and reducing disease risks.

Technological advancements have enabled the development of image-based models that enhance the efficiency of numerical and experimental research. CFD plays a crucial role by providing simulations to evaluate the primary parameters affecting aerosol deposition. This study presents a comprehensive literature review of various methods and solutions developed for aerosol dynamics in the human respiratory system.

Academic studies were critically analyzed, focusing on airflow and particulate matter deposition in different respiratory regions. The results reveal that aerosol dynamics vary depending on particle size, charge, and hygroscopic properties. These analyses form a foundation for developing both aerosol-based therapeutic strategies and mitigating the effects of toxic particles on human health. Furthermore, they pave the way for future research through more effective simulation approaches.

The use of waste as an alternative fuel source is gaining increasing interest worldwide due to its dual benefits such as reducing energy costs and reducing environmental damage caused by improper waste disposal. It is very important to dispose of waste materials such as used tires that have reached the end of their service life and transformer oils that were once used as heat transfer fluids without posing an environmental hazard. Because these wastes not only cause pollution but also pose a risk to ecosystems and public health. Therefore, using such waste materials as an energy source is both an environmentally responsible and economically advantageous approach. In this context, in the study conducted, triple modified fuel mixtures containing used tire-derived oil, used transformer oil and diesel were prepared and the performance of these wastes as alternative fuels were investigated. In addition, these nanoparticles, which are known to increase combustion efficiency and stabilize fuel properties, make them a suitable option for alternative fuel applications. Therefore, Fe2O3 nanoparticles were included in the mixtures as a metal-based additive to increase the performance of fuel mixtures. In order to evaluate the effect of these nanoparticle-enhanced fuel blends on engine performance measures such as power output, fuel consumption and thermal efficiency, harmful pollutants such as CO, NOx and particulate matter in exhaust emissions were also systematically measured in experimental studies. The results showed that the addition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles significantly improved combustion characteristics, leading to better engine performance and reduced pollutant emissions. As a result, it was shown that waste-derived fuels enriched with nanoparticle additives have the potential to be used as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels. Such innovative applications that integrate waste management and energy production processes have significant potential to contribute significantly to both managing critical environmental problems and producing sustainable energy solutions.

Diesel engines, one of the biggest sources of global warming and harmful exhaust emissions, constitute an important research topic in terms of reducing dependency on fossil fuels and environmental damage. The limited life of fossil-based fuels and the increase in energy demand increase the need for sustainable energy solutions that require the evaluation of waste. In this context, the evaluation of pyrolytic oil obtained from waste tires and waste transformer oil that has completed its service life as alternative fuels has great importance both environmentally and economically. In this study, fuel mixtures were created by mixing pyrolytic oil obtained from waste tires, waste transformer oil and diesel fuel in different proportions. In addition, cetane number improver was added to the prepared mixtures and these mixtures were tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Mixing the components used in the blends in different proportions allowed a detailed examination of their effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Experimental results showed that changes in the ratios of pyrolytic oil and transformer oil directly affect the performance parameters of the engine such as power, fuel consumption and thermal efficiency. At the same time, it has been determined that certain mixtures provide reductions in emission values, especially the release of harmful gases such as CO and NOx is significantly reduced. These findings reveal that optimization of fuel mixture ratios is critical for both environmentally friendly fuel production and engine performance.

The rapid increase in the world's population and the development of industry cause the energy need to increase very rapidly. One of the most important problems in our country, as in the world, is the increasing energy need. Renewable energy sources are being used today to meet the increasing energy need and reduce external dependency. Hydroelectric Power Plants (HES) are being built in order to benefit from the water power of rivers, which are renewable energy sources that can be considered among the location and natural riches of our country. The majority of hydroelectric power plants built in very different capacities are medium-sized power plants with a power of generating 1-10 MW of electricity. In this study, the issue of what precautions should be taken to prevent occupational accidents with a proactive approach to occupational safety measures for the safe operation of medium-sized hydroelectric power plants was investigated. Dangers in hydroelectric power plants and the risks that may arise from these dangers start from the installation phase. Occupational safety in hydroelectric power plants starts with risk assessment. In this process, the dangers that may be encountered in different stages of the plant, namely construction, operation, maintenance and repair, are determined. Risk assessment includes identifying potential hazards, analyzing the possible effects of these hazards, and planning precautions to minimize risks. While taking general occupational safety measures in power plants, it is essential to take the necessary precautions by taking into account the Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331, relevant laws and regulations. Regular occupational health and safety trainings should be provided to employees. These trainings cover awareness of hazards, safe working methods, and how to act in emergency situations. Employees are required to use personal protective equipment (PPE). All hazards that may occur in the power plant, such as fire, explosion, flood, electrical hazards, falling from heights, noise, flood, landslide, etc., should be identified and necessary precautions should be taken. In addition, emergency plans should be created and these plans should be updated regularly. Emergency drills should be conducted to ensure that employees are prepared for these situations. Emergency plans should cover possible scenarios such as fire, explosion, power outage, and flood. In addition, emergency equipment (first aid kits, fire extinguishers, emergency exit signs) should be checked and maintained regularly. Occupational safety inspections should be carried out regularly at the power plant and potential risks should be constantly monitored. As a result, Employers are obliged to take all necessary precautions to protect the health and safety of employees. In addition, it has been determined that occupational health and safety boards should be established and these boards should hold regular meetings to evaluate issues related to occupational safety. It has been determined that occupational safety is indispensable for both the health of employees and the efficiency of operations.

Periodic control in safe production is critical to ensure the health and safety of employees in workplaces, to ensure the smooth operation of equipment and to maintain the sustainability of production processes. Thanks to periodic controls, potential risks are identified in advance and necessary precautions are taken. Regular control of machinery and equipment used in the workplace ensures that accidents caused by wear or malfunction are prevented, regular maintenance and control contribute to the uninterrupted continuation of production processes and increase efficiency. It is ensured that minor malfunctions detected during the controls are eliminated before they turn into very large malfunctions that may occur in the future. In this way, the life of the equipment is extended and costly repairs are prevented. In addition, these controls help to minimize the environmental impacts that may arise from the equipment. Well-maintained and trouble-free equipment increases operational efficiency by preventing interruptions in the production process. Since unplanned malfunctions cause production to stop, periodic maintenance minimizes these stoppages and saves time and cost. According to the Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331, the occupational health and safety regulations that must be followed in the workplaces necessitate periodic checks that must be carried out at regular intervals. Performing these checks regularly prevents businesses from facing criminal sanctions. Controls to be carried out are not only limited to the fulfillment of legal requirements, but also a necessity for employee health and operational efficiency. Periodic control is a critical process not only in terms of occupational safety, but also in terms of business sustainability, environmental compliance and cost-effectiveness. Regular and professional inspections are the cornerstone of safe production. Therefore, every business should see periodic inspections as an investment in sustainability and safety, not a necessity. In this study, the responsibilities imposed on the enterprises by the Regulation on Health and Safety Conditions in the Use of Work Equipment were investigated and the issues that the enterprises should pay attention to were determined.

The aim of this study was to develop nanoemulsion formulations of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) essential oils and to investigate their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Tarragon is a plant rich in tannins, flavonoids, vitamins and other bioactive compounds, and has attracted attention for its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer potential. Tarragon nanoemulsions were prepared by ultrasonic homogenization using Tween 80 emulsifier. The physicochemical properties of the nanoemulsions were evaluated by measuring the droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential using a dynamic light scattering device. The aim of this method was to increase the stability and bioavailability of essential oils. Cell viability studies were performed in A549 (non-small cell lung cancer) and HDF (human dermal fibroblast/healthy cell line) cell lines. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and the effects of different concentrations of the compounds on the cells were analyzed in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by KUPRAK (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH free radical scavenging methods. These analyses confirmed that tarragon essential oils have a strong free radical scavenging capacity due to their high phenolic content. Microbiological analyses investigated the antimicrobial properties of tarragon extracts and revealed their bacterial growth inhibitory effects against different microorganisms. In conclusion, this study aimed to provide a new platform for the use of natural products in cancer treatment by formulating tarragon essential oils with nanoemulsions. The study highlighted the ability of nanoemulsion technology to enhance the cellular interactions of natural products and showed that these formulations can offer new approaches in targeted therapy. The development of a less toxic and more effective therapeutic approach has significant potential, especially in the treatment of chronic diseases such as cancer. In this context, the study demonstrates the importance of natural products in biotechnology applications.

Today, with the developing technology and industrialization, the wastewater brought by the rapid population growth parallel to industrial progress threatens the environment and ecosystems more and more every day. Synthetic dyes are seen as one of the biggest causes of environmental pollution. Synthetic dyes, especially azo-dyes, are used in many areas, especially in textiles, leather, construction, plastic, cosmetics, the pharmaceutical industry, and the plastic industry. Due to their large specific surface areas, high reactivity, and effective cleaning capacity in a short time, nano-sized sorbents have many advantages in removing heavy metal ions in the removal of azo dyes. Nano-sized magnetite (Fe3O4) particles are a method that can be used effectively in the removal of azo dyes due to their magnetic properties, large surface area, chemical stability, easy synthesis, and low toxicity. In this study, Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized, characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques, then modified with natural materials, and the feasibility of photocatalytic azo dye removal was investigated. For this purpose, some parameters such as contact time, pH, dye concentration, and photocatalyst concentration were investigated. The obtained findings determined the optimal conditions for the removal of azo dyes and showed that modified Fe3O4 NPs can be used effectively in the removal of azo dyes from wastewater.

Water is one of the basic elements for living and has an important role in terms of the sustainability of ecosystems and human health. Water, which is involved in the stages of biological, physiological, and chemical processes of living things, is also used in many sectors, such as industry and energy production. The availability of clean and adequate water is important for food security and health well-being. Global climate change and increasing population density are making the management of water resources even more difficult. Considering the limited nature of water resources, it has paved the way for the research of different water treatment techniques. Organic organisms that arise as a result of industrial events cause damage to ecosystems and create negative effects on human health. Especially hard-to-break down organic substances such as azo-dyes, which are widely used in different industries, form a permanent layer on the water surface. In this context, the development of effective and sustainable treatment methods for the removal of azo-dyes is of great importance. In this study, a new Cu/Zn bimetallic ZIF (Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework) synthesis and characterization was performed for the removal of azo dyes from wastewater using the green hydrothermal method, and the removal of some azo dyes used as food dyes from wastewater by photocatalytic method using the obtained Cu/Zn bimetallic ZIF was investigated. For this purpose, the characterization of the Cu/Zn bimetallic ZIF structure was performed using analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) before and after dye removal. The results showed that the Cu/Zn bimetallic ZIF structures exhibited high photocatalytic performance in the removal of azo-dyes and could provide an environmentally friendly solution for the remediation of wastewater resources.

In recent years, synthetic colorants have been used more widely in the food industry instead of natural colorants. Synthetic colorants offer many advantages over natural dyes, such as high stability to light, oxygen and pH fluctuations, uniformity in color, high brightness, minimum sensitivity to microbiological contamination, a wide range of shades and relatively low production costs. However, since synthetic dyes generally have aromatic ring structures and azo (N N) functional groups, they have many harmful effects on human health, such as allergic reactions, neurocognitive effects, behavioral disorders and toxicity. Therefore, alternative detection methods are required for the detection of toxic dyes in foodstuffs and real samples. For all these reasons, special attention is paid to nanosensors, one of the electroanalytical approaches, for the detection of food dyes due to reasons such as sensitivity, excellent selectivity, reproducibility, low cost, easy sample preparation and less time. In sensor applications, the use of electrochemical sensors based on nanostructured metal oxides (NMOs) offers many potential benefits and significantly increases the sensitivity of the system. In this study, undoped and K-doped nanostructured metal oxide thin films produced by USP (Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis) technique were successfully grown on glass substrates. Then, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM, EDX) and current-time (I–T) measurements were performed. As a result of this study, it was concluded that metal oxide nanocomposite thin film supported techniques can be successfully used in electrochemical sensing systems for the detection of azo dyes in food samples and for food safety.

By using nanotechnology, it is possible to achieve properties of materials that are not visible in larger-sized. Bentonite is a mineral from the group of sheet phyllosilicates, which is mainly composed of the mineral montmorillonite. Pure montmorillonite (nano-clay) is the most widely used clay mineral in various industries, especially the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Since montmorillonite with a purity of over 95% is required for the production of nano-clay, it is essential to remove the impurities associated with bentonite to the desired extent and requires special purification processes. Common methods of purification and extraction of nano-clay are generally chemical and expensive, and the chemicals used for purification can have a negative impact on the process and properties of nano-clay. Therefore, safe and non-chemical methods (physical and mechanical methods) should be used in the separation and extraction of montmorillonite nano-clay for pharmaceutical purposes. Due to the fineness of montmorillonite crystals compared to associated impurities, the purification and extraction process of montmorillonite nanoclay from bentonite can be based on particle size separation by mechanical separation. To assess the quality and effectiveness of the purification and extraction method of the produced nanoclay, a laser particle size analysis (PSA) device can be used. Based on the research results, purification and extraction of montmorillonite nanoclay from bentonite by using a mechanical method based on particle size fractionation and separation is a safe, efficient, and side-effect-free method for purifying nanoclay for pharmaceutical use.

In recent years, the superior computational power of deep learning based on software has been widely recognized, and the practical applications of artificial intelligence are rapidly expanding. On the other hand, the hardware for replacing to such artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms is facing the physical limits of scaling in silicon CMOS technology, and performance improvement is expected to hit the ceiling. For this reason, there is a growing interest in hardware technologies that physically implement artificial neural networks (ANNs), neuromorphic or brainmorphic information processing systems, and the applications (hereafter referred as AI systems in this paper), as well as new materials and devices. A critical difference between the presently required device functionality and that in conventional computational systems is the use of dynamics. By cleverly using nanomaterials' nonlinearity and network structure, devices that spontaneously generate pulses, noise, and other physical phenomena are expected to be realized to utilize for the AI hardware. These devices will enable drastically lower power consumption and higher integration of AI systems. In the learning process of ANNs, it is necessary to constantly change and store the weights of the weighted sum (sum-of-products) part. In our research center, we have been working on materials that can complement CMOS for AI systems by using molecules and nanocarbon materials, and further, we are trying to apply them to autonomous AI robots. This paper introduces these nanomaterials and networks’ formation as AI devices[1], the key points of the devices’ functionalization, application to robots, and other recent research results[2]-[10].

Chemical-based gas sensors typically have good sensitivity to the target gas and can detect a variety of gases. However, after being exposed to the target gas, certain chemical-based gas sensors either did not recover at all or did not recover adequately. It is believed that the performance of a chemical-based gas sensor, notably its recovery characteristic, can be impacted by the binder utilized, according to the literature. Thus, this study proposes a novel organic binder for a chemical-based gas sensor, specifically for TiO2 gas sensors. The novel organic binder comprised three elements: terpineol, linseed oil, and ethyl cellulose. The novel binder has been tested in a TiO2 gas sensor and exposed to carbon dioxide at room temperature. The TiO2 gas sensor showed high performance in terms of sensing response, recovery characteristics, and repeatability properties. T1S1 is chosen as the most efficient fabricated gas sensor with sensing response, response time and recovery time were approximately 2.16, 119.238s and 32.064s respectively. This novel organic binder also can be applied in chemical-based gas sensors for any target gas.

The development of efficient, lead-free tandem perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) has become a vital area of study in the quest for sustainable and high-performance photovoltaic technology. An essential challenge in enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of these devices is the optimisation of the hole transport layer (HTL), which is vital for charge collection and device stability. In this paper, the findings of simulation-based investigations carried out on the perovskite tandem (top and bottom subcells consisting of perovskites and silicone layer) are presented in the current research study. This study examines the design and fabrication of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) as an effective hole transport layer (HTL) for lead-free all-tandem perovskite solar cells for top layer subcells. The MoO3 is chosen for its favorable electrical properties, transparency, and chemical stability, making it an ideal choice for improving the overall efficiency of TPSCs and serving as the top cell. The lower cell utilised silicone. The maximum cell efficiency achieved is 23.59%, while the minimum cell efficiency is 17.48%, both under the illumination of the AM 1.5 G spectrum for the simulations. The synthesised MoO3-based hole transport layers are incorporated into lead-free perovskite solar cells, and their performance is evaluated for structural, optical, and electrical properties. Our research demonstrates a significant enhancement in the power conversion efficiency of lead-free tandem devices, highlighting the potential of MoO3 as a beneficial HTL material for the advancement of sustainable solar cell technology. This study advances the growing body of research aimed at creating efficient, lead-free, and sustainable perovskite-based solar cells with improved power conversion efficiency (PCE).

This research investigates the critical role of defects in the absorber and interface layers of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with a specific emphasis on methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) PSCs that utilize doped polyaniline/graphene oxide (PANI/GO) as the hole transport layer (HTL). The study employs numerical simulations to comprehensively analyse experimental data, facilitating a robust comparison between simulated results and empirical findings. It reveals the detrimental impact of defects on the overall performance of these devices, particularly highlighting that interface defects at the absorber/hole transport layer (Abs/HTL) interface significantly impair power conversion efficiency (PCE). Notably, a decline in PCE to 7.65% is observed at a defect density of 1×1014 cm-2, compared to 11.25% at the electron transport layer/absorber (ETL/Abs) interface. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted control measures at the Abs/HTL interface to mitigate these adverse effects. Furthermore, the study explores the effects of defects on device performance to determine defect tolerance for enhanced overall efficiency. It identifies the density of defect tolerance in the absorber layer, revealing that both interfaces (ETL/Abs and Abs/HTL) exhibit tolerances of 1016 cm-2, 1013 cm-2, and 1010 cm-2, respectively. Despite these challenges, the simulations demonstrate a PCE of 15.37%, representing a 40% improvement over experimental data. This enhancement highlights the potential of doped PANI/GO materials in addressing defects that typically hinder performance. Ultimately, insights from this research contribute to advancing both the efficiency and stability of PSCs by addressing defect-related challenges inherent in their architecture.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a leading technology in photovoltaics, producing remarkable efficiency and cost-effective production methods. Copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) has garnered attention as an effective hole transport layer (HTL) in PSCs due to its advantageous electronic properties, high stability, and excellent hole mobility. This study investigates the effects of lanthanum (La) doping on the optical and electronic properties of CuSCN. Various doping concentrations have been explored ranging from 1 to 5 mol% resulting in band gap values ranging from 3.6 eV to 3.72 eV. These findings confirm that La doping effectively tunes the band gap of CuSCN, which is crucial for optimizing charge transport and enhancing device performance in PSCs. In summary, La-doped CuSCN represents a promising HTL material for next-generation PSCs, contributing to enhanced efficiency and stability in photovoltaic applications. This research highlights the potential of tailored doping strategies to optimize material properties in pursuing high-performance solar technologies.

Highly transparent and uniform planar surfaced Copper Iodide (CuI) film exhibits intriguing morphological properties by presenting Monoethanolamine (MEA) as the green solvent for CuI, thus yielding a comparable outcome of the hole transport layer (HTL) for perovskite solar cell (PSC) applications. The γ-CuI with a zinc-blende structure can be successfully synthesized at a relatively low temperature of 350 °C using a green solvent-based method without additives. This approach significantly reduces fabrication costs by eliminating the need for high-temperature processes, making it a more economical and sustainable option. CuI films are fabricated on top of Indium-doped Tin Oxide (ITO) glass substrates via a simple solution-processable spin coating technique at room temperature conditions and lastly, completed with an annealing process that ranges from 60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C and 120 °C. The CuI films' structural properties are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction to study the growth of grains and epitaxial growth at the preferred crystallographic orientation, respectively. The pristine, sharp-edged nanoflower-like CuI structure annealed at an optimal temperature of 80 °C exhibited excellent conductivity and comparable band gap energy, making it highly suitable for PSC applications. Compared to conventional JCPDS data (00-006-0246), the γ-CuI reveals changes in its crystallographic planes and X-ray diffraction patterns as the annealing temperature increases. Herein, the annealing temperature plays a critical role in influencing the epitaxial growth and structural parameters of CuI, including crystallite size, lattice constant, lattice strain, and dislocation density. Hence, the optimization of annealing temperature is essential to achieve desirable structural properties, making CuI an effective solid-state thin film and a promising hole transport layer for PSC applications.

The field of wireless communication has seen significant growth during the past several years. The 5G network was intended to be developed to address the underlying issues with the quality of services in current networks. Based on the new modulation and transmission techniques of 5G technology, the efficiency of data transfer speeds will be improved by more than 10 Gb/s compared to 4G. This study aims to ensure the end-user has a good experience such as enabling higher data speeds, reducing end-to-end latency, using less energy, increasing traffic capacity, and maximizing end-user satisfaction. This research focuses on Quality of Service (QoS) for 5G networks specifically for VoIP applications. VoIP application is selected as it is considered crucial in telecommunication networks for real-time communication. Utilizing Simu5G OMNeT++ software, the Quality of Service (QoS) indicators selected which are throughput, delay, and packet loss are analyzed for various 5G service flow types. Therefore, the expected outcome of this research is to gain all the parameters measured in the range of threshold according to the literature review.

Advanced communication technologies in 5G networks has the potential to transform the interaction of transportation system between vehicles, infrastructure and padestrians. This study focusses on developing a C-V2X communication model using OMNeT++ simulation tool and analyzing its performance based on key Quality of Service (QoS) factors such as latency, throughput and packet loss in 5G network. The results show that C-V2X in 5G network is suitable for real-time applications such as accident prevention and traffic management because it offers high data transfer speeds and low delays. However, better optimization is needed as the packet loss increases during network congestion. The research highlights the importance of building reliable C-V2X models to meet the needs of connected and autonomous vehicles, encouraging network designers to adopt strategies that ensure efficient communication. This study contributes to the development of safer, smarter and more efficient transportation systems.

The development of novel gas sensing materials that operate effectively at room temperature is crucial for improving environmental monitoring systems, particularly the sensitive detection of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Europium oxide (Eu₂O₃) has potential as a sensing material but lacks sufficient sensitivity, stability, and response time at room temperature, making it insufficient for real world application. The objective of this research is to improve CO₂ detection capabilities in ambient circumstances by systematically incorporating graphene dopants into Eu₂O₃ thick films. In addition to an undoped Eu₂O₃ gas sensor and thick film sensors with different graphene concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5% by weight were fabricated by the screen-printing method on Kapton substrates. The gas sensors were characterised using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) for morphological assessment, Energy Dispersive X-ray EDX for compositional analysis, Raman spectroscopy laser for structural evaluation, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for crystallographic analysis. The gas sensors performance were evaluated in a controlled environment laboratory, with CO₂ detection performed at concentration of 30, 50, and 70 sccm under conventional room temperature. The purpose of this study is to determine the best graphene concentration that maximizes sensors reaction time, recovery characteristics, detection sensitivity, repeatability, hysteresis and stabilty. The 2% Eu₂O₃/Gr gas sensor exhibited the best performance, with a low resistance of 0.0874 GΩ and improved responsiveness to CO₂ at 30, 50 and 70 sccm CO₂ concenterations with values of 2.40, 2.37 and 2.34. The 2% Eu₂O₃/Gr sensor demonstrated a 2.1-fold gain in sensitivity, a 4.5-fold improvement in resolution, and a 2.2-fold decrease in standard deviation with linearity 98.04% compared to undoped Eu₂O₃ sensors. Graphene large surface area and high conductivity facilitate CO₂ adsorption and charge transfer between Eu₂O₃ and CO₂ molecules, resulting in enhanced production of carbonate species through redox reactions with Eu³⁺ ions. The ideal graphene doping level was found to be 2%, which balanced the structural integrity of the Eu₂O₃ gas sensors with conductivity increase. In a nutshell, this research demonstrates that graphene doped Eu₂O₃ thick films provide a viable method for room temperature CO₂ gas detection, with increased stability, sensitivity, and response times. Further research into graphene concentration and fabrication methods will give quantitative insights into the link between dopant concentration and sensing performance, assisting in the development of effective, room-temperature CO₂ sensors for industrial and environmental applications.

Nano-clays are hydrous silicate minerals with a sheet structure that have a special place in various industries, especially in the field of health and treatment, due to their nano-metric dimensions (at least in one dimension) and unique structural properties. The presence of a negative surface charge with strong physical adsorption capacity is one of the valuable structural features of these inexpensive minerals, which has placed them among the organic nanostructures that absorb water and pathogens. Adding homogenized raw nano-clays to the composition of health products (especially cellulose) due to their increased water and bacteria absorption properties is a significant advance in the preparation and production of environmentally friendly anti-pathogenic products that are compatible with the body's biological system. Optimizing the composition of health products with modified nano-clays by efficient methods of modern nanotechnology is a fundamental and valuable step in the synthesis of safe mineral antibacterial products with minimal side effects (unlike chemical materials). Homogeneous and modified sodium nano-clays (bentonite) due to the increase in specific surface area and adsorption of health products, in addition to water absorption in improving the antibacterial properties of these products, are a great step in the synthesis of environmentally friendly health products and low side effects for human health. Sanitary products treated with nano-clay as a filler have better antibacterial properties and pose the least environmental and organic risks compared to non-clay products.

Clay minerals are hydrous silicate sheets with a layered structure of the phyllosilicate type, which are composed of oxygen (O) and hydroxide (OH) layers. Generally, they are product of chemical weathering of other silicate minerals on the Earth's surface, and are considered to be among the most abundant substances in nature. In mineralogy, particles smaller than 4 microns (0.004 mm) are referred to as clays, regardless of their chemical composition. The placement of oxygen (O) and hydroxide (OH) layers creates spaces where cations can settle. Clays have many applications in various industries. The properties and applications of clays depend on their internal structure and composition. The surface activities of clays depend on the chemical composition, the nature of the surface atoms (Mainly oxygen and hydrogen), the type and number of adsorption sites, the surface charge, and the type of exchangeable cations. Large surface area, high cation exchange capacity, mechanical and chemical stability, sheet structure, abundance, and easy modification are effective factors for selecting clays as a cleaning agent in environmental applications. The most important environmental applications of clay minerals include controlling waste landfills, absorbing pollutants, reducing the use of pesticides and fertilizers, etc. One of the important characteristics of clay minerals in relation to their application in the environment is their absorption capacity, which is increased by various methods such as acid, alkali, surfactant and salt treatments and is used as a cheap and effective adsorbent in removing environmental pollutants. The environmental applications of clays are growing and developing, and their modification by various methods improves their efficiency, but it should be borne in mind that excessive exploitation of clay resources will cause environmental effects such as land degradation, destruction of wildlife habitats, soil pollution, air pollution, and water pollution. Therefore, one must be cautious and use these resources properly. The unplanned, uncontrolled use and recovery of clay minerals can cause many problems for the environment.

The frequency of diseases in certain regions of the world and the use of various minerals to treat diseases throughout history, indicate that there is a direct and close relationship between geological processes and the health of living organisms. The effective relationship between geological indicators and human, animal and plant health, as well as understanding the impact of environmental factors on the geographical distribution of diseases, is the field of study in a new branch of earth sciences called medical geology. Study of the geochemical behavior of elements in minerals (as the smallest structural unit of the Earth's solid crust) is the most important case in medical geology. The presence of certain amounts of elements in the human body is necessary to maintain the stability of the biological system and metabolism of the body's organs. Increase or decrease in the amounts of some elements, geo-biological disorders and anomalies causes in the vital system of organisms, which in turn causes the emergence of the geogene diseases. Therefore, geochemical studies of elements in medical geology are of great importance from two perspectives: the necessity of elements to maintain the health of living organisms and biological functions on the one hand, and diseases caused by excess levels of various elements on the other.

Abstract: The properties of synthesized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) depend on the precursor type and synthesis method. Therefore, selecting an appropriate precursor is the first step in the controlled production of CQDs. The synthesis method should be simple, environmentally friendly, and utilize materials that can replace conventional toxic substances. For this purpose, a green approach is employed to produce carbon dots using naturally occurring precursors. In this study, the precursors include Jasminum polyanthum flower extract, rich in secondary metabolites, and chicken nails as a source of keratin. The ethanolic extract of Jasminum polyanthum flower was prepared via maceration, and the chicken nail solution was obtained through acidic digestion. CQDs, due to their properties such as excellent water solubility, photostability, and chemical stability, have been employed as sensors for detecting Pb²⁺ metal ions in solutions. In this method, fluorescence quenching occurs as a result of complex formation between lead ions and the carbon quantum dots. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis of the synthesized CQDs showed an excitation wavelength of 330 nm and an emission wavelength of 430 nm. Key parameters affecting synthesis, including solvent selection, synthesis temperature, synthesis time, pH, and carbon source concentration. Jasminum polyanthum flower extract was studied and optimized. Between water and ethanol, ethanol was selected as a solvent, 160 ◦C as synthesis temperature, pH=12, nail solution 500 ppm, and Jasminum polyanthum flower extract 300 ppm were selected.
The surface of CQDs is modified with nitrogen, sulfur and fluorine to enhance the detection limit. GC-MS analysis was performed to separate and identify the secondary metabolites present in the ethanolic extract of Jasminum polyanthum. Structural and functional characterization was performed using FTIR, PL, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, to analyze the size distribution DLS technique and CHNSO for elemental analysis.

In recent years, advances in nano-scale technology have led to the use of nanoparticles in almost all areas of life. Nanoparticles have been acknowledged as one of the emerging environmental threats; however, studies in different components of environment are limited. Among the available nanoparticles, zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2-NPs) are widely used in tooth coating and cosmetic products The cytotoxicity mechanism of ZrO2-NPs has not been clarified to date. Nevertheless, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ZrO2-NPs has been considered as an important mechanism in some in vivo studies. The present study was conducted to identify the potential effects of ZrO2-NPs on diabetic rabbit tooth gum cells as well as the mechanisms of their cytotoxicity. ZrO2-NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cell viability, ROS level, lipid peroxidation (MDA), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), glutathione count (GSH/GSSG), lysosome damage and apoptosis/ necrosis were evaluated. Biodistribution were conducted on tooth gum, liver, kidney, heart and brain tissues in the diabetic rabbit using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP/OES). ZrO2-NPs increased ROS, MMP collapse and MDA. In contrast, GSH/GSSG and apoptosis/ necrosis were found to be changed. The ZrO2-NPs accumulated significantly more on diabetic rabbit tooth gum tissues compared with other organs. The study provided evidence that ZrO2-NPs cannot be considered completely biocompatible in the gum cell tissues of the diabetic rabbit. Before these nanoparticles can be used for human dental applications, further investigations on a wide range of cell death signaling should be performed.

Abstract
Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs), a new generation of carbon-based nanomaterials, have attracted significant attention in scientific research due to their unique optical properties, high biocompatibility, low toxicity, and excellent chemical stability. Their low production cost and versatility in applications such as bioimaging, biosensors, drug delivery, and energy storage, especially compared to conventional quantum dots, make them highly valuable.
Given that hen nails are rich in organic compounds such as proteins and polysaccharides, they are an excellent and sustainable carbon biomass source for CQD synthesis. The nail's organic content was converted into CQDs with desirable optical and structural properties using the solvothermal method. This method not only aids in waste reduction but also aligns with the principles of green chemistry, leveraging a natural, abundant, and biodegradable resource.
Photoluminescence (PL) analysis of the synthesized CQDs showed an excitation wavelength of 330 nm and an emission wavelength of 430 nm. Key parameters affecting synthesis, including solvent selection, synthesis temperature, reaction time, pH, and carbon source concentration, were studied and optimized.
Ethanol as a solvent, 160 ◦C as synthesis temperature, pH=12, and nail solution 500 ppm were selected.
Additionally, the CQDs were doped with nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine to enhance their properties. The synthesized CQDs were successfully employed as fluorescent sensors for detecting heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in water samples. Structural and functional characterization was performed using FTIR, PL, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, to analyze the size distribution DLS technique and CHNS for elemental analysis.

Abstract
In this research, a graphene oxide/MnO₂ quantum dot (GO/MnO₂-QDs) nanocomposite was utilized as a solid-phase adsorbent to remove Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ metal ions from water and wastewater samples. This approach leverages the adsorption capabilities of the nanocomposite to effectively capture and eliminate these heavy metal contaminants, offering a potential solution for purifying water sources. All measurements of Ni²⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ were conducted through their complexation with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) at their maximum absorbance wavelengths of 284 nm and 540 nm, respectively. 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide is an organic compound commonly used as a chemical reagent, particularly in analytical chemistry. This compound is a derivative of carbazide with two phenyl groups attached to its molecular structure. MnO₂ quantum dots (MnO₂-QDs) were synthesized via the reduction of potassium permanganate in the presence of wheat extract, and Graphite powder was used for the synthesis of graphene oxide.
The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, flourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface morphology and particle size of the nanocomposite were analyzed using. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The influence of parameters such as temperature, time of removal, pH values, dosage of the analyte and adsorbent, and initial metal ion concentration was investigated and optimized. The present approach was successfully applied to solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the removal of heavy metal ions from real samples, and under optimal conditions, the removal percentage was 98% to 99%.

Pituitary adenomas constitute the most frequent neuroendocrine pathology, comprising up to 15% of primary intracranial tumors. Current therapies for pituitary tumors include surgery and radiotherapy, as well as pharmacological approaches for some types. Although all of these approaches have shown a significant degree of success, they are not devoid of unwanted side effects, and in most cases do not offer a permanent cure. Nanoparticle-based therapeutic systems often have added layers of complexity when compared to chemical systems because of their varying structural, chemical, mechanical, and biological makeup. However, each nanoparticle formulation is unique and possesses distinct physiochemical properties, which require individual investigation into their theragnostic potential. Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging class of fluorescent nanoparticles which have, in recent times, gained attention for their biocompatibility and versatility for cancer therapeutic and diagnostic (theragnostic) applications. Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging class of fluorescent nanoparticles which have, in recent times, gained attention for their biocompatibility and versatility for cancer therapeutic and diagnostic. The enzymatic effects of the CDs on the stress oxidative pathway human pituitary cancer cells in further generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS), resulting in mitochondrial and lysosome damage. The lipid peroxidation causing cytochrome-c release along with significant reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glutathione (GSH) levels were observed. The oxidative stress-induced interruption in the mitochondrial electron transport chain has been suggested as the mechanism describing the cellular toxicity pathway resulting in the cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) signaling. These results strongly suggest preclinical applications of CDs-based membranes in upcoming nanotechnology-based strategies of human pituitary cancer treatments.